UNIX Quick Reference by Valerio Capello (www.ElfQrin.com) Connect: -------- telnet [host] Connect to host (25 (SMTP), 109/110 (POP3), 21 (FTP), 20 (FTP data) ) ssh [host] Secure telnet to host rlogin -l [username] Connect to host (no passwd necessary if in .rhost (host username) ) ftp -i File transfer with host (-i (don't promt when using mget), hash (status)) ftptool X-window based FTP prgram xhost +/- hostname Allow host to open X-Window on local machine (setenv DISPLAY locmach:0.0) talk [username@host] Talk to username write [username] Write directly to username, you must be on the same machine mesg -yes / -no Enable or disable receiving of messages logout, bye Disconnect from host passwd, yppasswd , chfn, chsh Change local or NIS password information slirp Slirp (conf: .slirprc) (options: -P -b 9600 "asyncmap FFFFFFFF" "mtu 1500" "mru 1500" compress ppp-exit debug papcrypt (save encrypted passwd in file ~/.pap-secrets)) pppd PPP (use chat -v to connect) (options: 9600 locIP:remIP asyncmap FFFFFFFF crtscts mru 1500) aspppd To automatically build a ppp-connection if needed httpd HTTP-Server (confiles: httpd.conf, srm.conf, access.conf) exit Log out from ssh, telnet, rlogin quit Log out from ftp File transfer and Mail: ----------------------- mailx Read mails mailx -s [subject] [user] Send mail to user ("." (finish) q (quit), x (quit without changing), n (next), d (delete), r (reply), h (display mails) ) telnet host 25 SMTP (helo (authorize), mail from: (snd address), rcpt to: (rec address), data (mail body), "." (finish) ) telnet host 110 (or 109) POP3 (user [username], pass [password], uidl (listmails), retr [n] (retrive message n), dele [n] (delete message n), quit) get Get file from ftp-host mget Get multiple files from ftp-host (can use wild char) put Copy file to ftp-host Connect info: ------------- who Who is connected w Similar to who just displays more info, like processes and load finger [-l @host] Display info about logged on users finger [user] Display info about user whois [-h host name] Scans for a name or handle rusers Scans the whole remote network for connected users whoami Display the effective current username id List user & group ids last -n [num] List the num last users who have logged in, by user or terminal Network: -------- nslookup Query domain name servers interactively route Routing (add host/net target gateway 0) netstat -nr Routing table. Show network status ifconfig [device] Show the stats of network device, or all devices: -a ifconfig lo0:1 10.0.2.20 127.0.0.1 up Enables a previously added route (very important!) Put this at the end of the file: /etc/init.d/sysid.net traceroute [hostname] Tracing IP packet from this host to hostname Jobs: ----- jobs List jobs running in the background ps List current processes (ps -aef | grep $USER) CTRL + Z Suspend kill [pid] / CTRL + C Kill a job (use pid returned by ps; -9 exit immediately) bg Send to background. Returns num to use when calling fg fg [num] Send to foreground comm & Execute command in background nohup comm & Continue execution of command even when terminal is down CTRL + U New commandline CTRL + S Stop output CTRL + Q Continue Directories: ------------ pwd Display the pathname of the current working directory cd [dirname] Change to directory dirname (cd without dirname wil go to your home directory, cd .. moves one directory up, cd ~username moves you to username's homedir) mkdir Make directory rm, rmdir [dirname] Remove (unlink) files or directories dircmp Compare directories ln -s [realpath alias] Make symbolic links to files df -bk Report free disk space on file systems disktool -u [dir] Display disk usage o directory fsck File system consistency check and interactive repair Files: ------ ls -l List files (-a (list invisible files), -d (don't list contents of a folder), -R (recursively subdir listing) ) mv [old new] Move or rename a file or directory (no -r needed) cp [-r file] Copy file (-r (copy directory) ) tar -cf - [source] | (cd [target]; tar -xfvp-;) Fast copying using tar (p: keep permissions, v: verbose) cd [source]; tar -cf - . | (cd [target]; tar -xfvBp - ) Another possibility (p: keep permissions) rm [-rf file] Remove file (-f (don't prompt user), -r (remove directory) ) perl -p -i.old -e 's/oldstring/newstrin/g' *.txt Search and replace of a string in multiple files chmod [o+r file] Change access for file (-R recursively) {u=rw,og+r,a-w} chmod [ugo] 4=r 6=rw 5=rx 7=rwx {644=rw_r__r__} umask [x] Without param=disp with=set {27=rwxr_x__ 67=rwx______} chown [user:group file] Change owner of file chgrp [group] Change the group ownership of a file more [file] Type file (b=back, v=VI, /[string] (search for string) ) cat [file1 file2] > targetfile Concatenate files catman Create the cat files for the manual split -b [bytes file] Split file to packets with size bytes csplit Split a file with respect to a given context dd Convert and copy files with various data formats find [path criteria] Searches for files (-name ['name'] -mtime [n] (changed n days ago), -atime [n] (last read n days ago), -group [gname]) volcheck Mount floppy, content will become visible in /floppy/floppy0 eject After leaving the /floppy/floppy0 directory ejetct the disk fdformat Format a floppy for UNIX fddisk -fmt -f /dev/rfd0a Format a floppy on trevano mformat a: Format a floppy for MS-DOS mcopy [unixfile a:dosfile] Copy to a dos disk or the other way round mdel [a:dosfile] Delete a MS-DOS file dos2unix [file] Convert text file from MS-DOS format to Unix/ISO format unix2dos [file] Convert text file from Unix-ISO format to MS-DOS format mcopy [unixfile a:dosfile] Copy to a dos disk (better use the directory /floppy/floppy0) xhfs Use Mac disks (HFS file system) hfs Use Mac disks (mount /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0, copyin, copyout, dir) perl -p -i.old -e 's/\r/\n/g' [files] Replaces returns with linefeeds (convert from mac to unix or dos to unix) diff [file1] [file2] Compares two files and display line-by-line differences diff3 Display line-by-line differences between 3 files diffmk Mark differences between versions of a troff input file touch [filename] Update the access and modification times of a file mkfile Create a file (e.g. for swap space) Programming: ------------ make Build source code. Maintain, update, and regenerate programs and files cc C Compiler gcc [file.c] C Compiler g++ [file.C] C++ Compiler cxx C++ Compiler adb, dbx Debugger dbxtool SunView interface for the dbx source-level debugger cxref Generate a C program cross-reference cflow Generate a flow graph for a C program javac [file.java] JAVA-Compiler pc Pascal compiler Compression: ------------ gzip [file] Compress file (.gz) gunzip [file] Decompress file (.gz) tar -cvf [targetfile.tar] [source] Create archive (.tar) from multiple source files tar -xvf [file] Unpack archive (.tar) tar -tvf [file] List archive (.tar) doesn't expand the archive compress [file] Compress file (.Z) uncompress [file] Decompress file (.Z) zcat [file] Display expanded contents Printing: --------- lpr [-P[printer] file] Print file on printer (-K2 (double sided), -#2 (two copies) ) lp [-d[printer] file] Print file on printer (-K2 (double sided), -n2 (two copies) ) lp cancel Cancel requests to a printer lpc Line printer control program lprm Remove jobs from the printer queue mapge -[num] -h [file] | lpr Print num pages on one page with header (-h option) nenscript [-p- file] Translate file to Postscript (stdout) nenscript [-p- file] | lpr Translate file to PS and print it lpq List queue lprm [job-ID] Remove job from queue lpstat -a List all available printers lptest Generate lineprinter ripple pattern psp1 [file] / psp2 [file] Print text (user defined script) a2ps Convert text files to ps (nicely formatted) Other Commands: --------------- man [comm] Get info about command (-k keyword) apropos [expr] Get info about related commands where [comm] Show path of command grep, egrep, fgrep [expr] Filters out lines containing expr (-i (not case sensitive), -c (count only), -v (inverse) ) cut Remove selected fields from each line of a file cut [-c Num-Num] Cuts lists [comm] > [file] Write output of command to file [comm] >> [file] Append output of command to file [comm] < [file] Content of file => input of command [comm1] | [comm2] Output of command1 => input of command2 lynx Text based version of netscape (g (go), q (quit), left (back), enter (follow link), Search: http://www.google.com) alias [alias comm] Define alias for long commands stty Set or alter the options for a terminal stty erase \^\? Set erase key to backspace (or other terminal settings) h Display history (on trevano only) echo [$var] Print value of var or expr {HOME, PATH, SHELL, USER, PRINTER, DISPLAY} setenv [var val] Set var to val {HOME, PATH, SHELL, USER, PRINTER, DISPLAY} CTRL + ARROW Switch workspace xsetroot -solid blue Set background xinit Initialize X-Server (use strtx to start X-Server) rup [hostname] Status of host boot sd(0,6,2) Boot from CD-ROM (check with probe-scsi first) halt / fasthalt Shut down (root only) boot Reboot the system halt Halt the system fastboot Reboot the system without checking the disks fasthalt Halt the system without checking the disks su Become super user (or any other user) starting NFS /usr/lib/nfs start all apps there perl -p -i.old -e 's/oldstring/newstrin/g' *.txt Search and replace of a string in multiple files clear Clear screen nslookup Resolve domain names (server [dnsserver] (specify damain e.g: ElfQrin.com) adduser procedure for adding new users arch display the architecture of the current host at, batch execute a command or script at a specified time atq display the queue of jobs to be run at specified times atrm remove jobs spooled by at or batch automount automatically mount NFS file systems awk pattern scanning and processing language banner display a string in large letters bar create tape archives, and add or extract files basename, dirname display portions of pathnames and filenames biff give notice of incoming mail messages cal display a calendar calendar a simple reminder service cb a simple C program beautifier click enable or disable the keyboard's keystroke click clock display the time in an icon or window cmdtool run a shell (or program) using the SunView text facility cmp perform a byte-by-byte comparison of two files colrm remove characters from specified columns within each line config build system configuration files cpio copy file archives in and out crontab install, edit, remove or list a user's crontab file ctrace generate a C program execution trace date display or set the date dc desk calculator devinfo print out system device information dkinfo report information about a disk's geometry and partitioning dname print RFS domain and network names domainname set or display name of the current NIS domain dos SunView window for IBM PC/AT applications du display the number of disk blocks used per directory or file dump, rdump incremental file system dump dumpfs dump file system information edquota edit user quotas eeprom EEPROM display and load utility enablenumlock, disablenumlock enable or disable the numlock key env obtain or alter environment variables for command execution eqn, neqn, checkeq typeset mathematics error categorize compiler error messages, insert at responsible source file lines expand, unexpand expand TAB characters to SPACE characters, and vice versa exportfs export and unexport directories to NFS clients exports, xtab directories to export to NFS clients expr evaluate arguments as a logical, arithmetic, or string expression extract_patch extract and execute patch files from installation tapes extract_unbundled extract and execute unbundled-product installation scripts factor, primes factor a number, generate large primes file determine the type of a file by examining its contents fmt, fmt_mail simple text and mail-message formatters fold fold long lines for display on an output device of a given width fonftlip create Sun386i-style vfont file fontedit a vfont screen-font editor format disk partitioning and maintenance utility fortune print a random, hopefully interesting, adage from display the sender and date of newly-arrived mail messages fstab, mtab static filesystem mounting table, mounted filesystems table f77 running Fortran on Suns gfxtool run graphics programs in a SunView window groups display a user's group memberships gterm virtual graphics terminal for the SunView environment gxtest stand alone test for the Sun video graphics board head display first few lines of specified files hostid print the numeric identifier of the current host hostname set or print name of current host system hosts host name data base hosts.equiv, .rhosts trusted remote hosts and users iconedit create and edit images for SunView icons, cursors and panel items id print the user name and ID, and group name and ID imtool image display server for the SunView environment indent indent and format a C program source file iostat report I/O statistics join relational database operator lastcomm show the last commands executed, in reverse order ld, ld.so link editor, dynamic link editor ldd list dynamic dependencies leave remind you when you have to leave lex lexical analysis program generator logname get the name by which you logged in look find words in the system dictionary or lines in a sorted list mach display the processor type of the current host mail, Mail read or send mail messages mailtool SunView interface for the mail program mkfs construct a file system mkproto construct a prototype file system mount, umount mount and unmount file systems mt magnetic tape control nawk pattern scanning and processing language newaliases rebuild the data base for the mail aliases file newfs create a new file system nice run a command at low priority nl line numbering filter nroff format documents for display or line-printer od octal, decimal, hexadecimal, and ascii dump pagesize display the size of a page of memory paste join corresponding lines of several files, or subsequent lines of one file perfmeter display system performance values in a meter or strip chart ping send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts pr prepare file for printing, perhaps in multiple columns printenv display environment variables currently set pstat print system facts quota display a user's disk quota and usage rc, rc.boot, rc.local command scripts for auto-reboot and daemons rcp remote file copy rdate set system date from a remote host rdist remote file distribution program reboot restart the operating system renice alter nice value of running processes repquota summarize quotas for a file system restore, rrestore incremental file system restore rev reverse the order of characters in each line rsh remote shell ruptime show host status of local machines script make typescript of a terminal session sdiff contrast two text files by displaying them side-by-side sed stream editor sh shell, the standard UNIX system command interpreter and command-level language shelltool run a shell (or other program) in a SunView terminal window showmount show all remote mounts shutdown close down the system at a given time sleep suspend execution for a specified interval sort sort and collate lines spell, hashmake, spellin, hashcheck report spelling errors spline interpolate smooth curve strings find printable strings in an object file or binary strip remove symbols and relocation bits from an object file sundiag system diagnostics suninstall install and upgrade the SunOS operating system sunview the SunView window environment swapon specify additional device for paging and swapping symorder rearrange a list of symbols sync update the super block; force changed blocks to the disk tabs set tab stops on a terminal tail display the last part of a file tbl format tables for nroff or troff tcopy copy a magnetic tape tee replicate the standard output tektool SunView Tektronix 4014 terminal-emulator window test return true or false according to a conditional expression textedit SunView window- and mouse-based text editor time time a command toolplaces display current SunView window locations, sizes, and other attributes tput initialize a terminal or query the terminfo database tr translate characters trace trace system calls and signals traffic SunView program to display Ethernet traffic troff typeset or format documents tset, reset establish or restore terminal characteristics tsort topological sort tty display the name of the terminal tunefs tune up an existing file system uniq remove or report adjacent duplicate lines units conversion program unmount, umount remove a file system uptime show how long the system has been up users display a compact list of users logged in vacation reply to mail automatically vi, view, vedit visual display editor based on ex vipw edit the password file vmstat report virtual memory statistics wall write to all users logged in wc display a count of lines, words and characters whatis display a one-line summary about a keyword whereis locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command which locate a command; display its pathname or alias yes be repetitively affirmative CSH: ---- csh is a shell (command interpreter) with a C-like syntax and advanced interactive features csh, %, @, alias, bg, break, breaksw, case, continue, default, dirs, else, end, endif, endsw, eval, exec, exit, fg, foreach, glob, goto, hashstat, history, if, jobs, label, limit, logout, notify, onintr, popd, pushd, rehash, repeat, set, setenv, shift, source, stop, suspend, switch, then, umask, unalias, unhash, unlimit, unset, unsetenv, while Important directories and files: -------------------------------- ~/.fvmrc Window mangager configuration (FVWM) ~/.dtwmrc Window mangager configuration (DTWM) ~/.dt/* (errorlog, startlog, icons, types (setting of launch pad), other DTWM resources) ~/.tcshrc TC-Shell settings ~/.cshrc C-Shell settings ~/.login Login script (for desktop login only, executed once) ~/.rhosts Remote hosts file ~/.httpusers Alowed users for secret pages ~/.pap-secrets PAP secrets for slirp ~/.slirprc ~/.ppprc Slirp and ppp config files ~/public_html Home Page directory /usr/bin Applications /usr/local/bin More applications /opt/gnu/bin Gnu stuff like g++, gcc, gzip and more /usr/sbin System tools /usr/share/man Manual files /dev Devices like ttya (serial port), audio and disk drives /vol Automounted volumes /etc (rc2 (things to do at startup), rc2.d (startup e.g. S72inetsvc (routing) passwd, shadow (passwords), resolve.conf (DNS IP addresses), hosts, ftpusers (users who can't access ftp), shells (users and their shell important for ftp), services (port numer and its service), nsswitch.conf (in colum hosts we have to write dns to use dns resolving), ppp/ (pap-secrets and other ppp settings), nodename, hostname.[interfacename] (hostname associated with this interface e.g. le0), fstab (mounting table), ssh_* (ssh stuff) ) /usr/var/log Home Page Log on SUN /usr/local/WWW/logs Home Page Log on OSF1 /var/adm messages (Messages from applications and startup process (for debugging purposes), sulog) /var/spool/mail Mail (on SUN: /var/mail) /usr/local/WWW WWW-directory (e.g. settings and CGI) /usr/local/etc/httpd WWW-directory on gummibaum /usr/dt/config/C/* Default desktop settings (Xresources (Configuration file for the Login Manager), sys.dtwmrc (default windowmangager configuration), and others) /soft/public/X11/lib/fvwm/system.fvwmrc System fvwmrc file /etc/issue.net Welcome message (before login in) VI: --- Command mode i Insert I Insert at beginning of a line a Insert after A Insert at the end of the line o Insert a line below O Insert a line above J Connect this and the next line r Change char R Overwrite x Delete char dd Delete line D Delete rest of line h / l Move left / right j / k Move down / up w,b,e Move cursor one word H Home L End M Middle G Go to bottom p Undo ctrl + f Page down ctrl + b Page up :/[string] Search for string :?[string] Search backwards :[n] Goto line n :w Save :q Exit :x Save & exit Navigation inside more, man... ------------------------------ SPACE Moves one page down B Moves one page up ENTER Moves one line down Q Quit X-Windows Progs: ---------------- xterm / dtterm Terminal xmailtool / mailtool Mail emacs / textedit Word processor xcalc Calculator xv Graphic viewer and converter xlock Lock up xset X-Win settings Alias: ------- alias ls ls -l List in long format alias rm rm -rf Remove files and directories without prompting user alias cp cp -r Copy files and directories alias df df -bk Display free space and used space in bytes alias ps ps -aef | grep $USER List all jobs of user alias txt2ps nenscript -p- Translate text to PostScript (stdout) alias psp1 /~/Script/psprint1 Print text on dali alias psp2 /~/Script/psprint2 Print text on ps2 Shell: ------ starts with: #!/bin/sh, contains command lines, must have x-permission, start with ./Scriptname, *=any string (except .), ?=any char, [a-d]=any char from a to d (lower case), be carefull with special chars &=\&, to execute at a specific time use: at hh:mm +[minutes] minutes < Scriptname, to divert to nirvana stout: >&- or stin: <&- AltaVista: ---------- Standard: <+>="AND" ="OR" Advanced: AND OR NEAR URL () Netscape: --------- about:image-cache about:memory-cache about:cache protocol://name:password@domain/path/filename.extension#anchor?parameter&meter