1992.12.19

SUBJECT: X.25°³¿ä
 
STATUS OF THIS MEMO :
°¡Àå À߾˷ÁÁ®ÀÖ°í °¡Àå³Î¸® »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Ç¥ÁØ ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÎ X.25ÀÇ ÀÌÇظ¦ À§ÇØ Á¤¸®ÇÑ´Ù. 
  1. Overview of X.25
 
        X.25´Â CCITT¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦¾ÈµÇ¾î Á³À¸¸ç, ISOÀÇ Ã³À½ 3 layer Áï,
        physical, datalink, network layer¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÏ°í ÀÖ°í
        local area network À̳ª LAN¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÏ´Â wide area networkÀ̳ª WANÀ»
        ÅëÇÑ Åë½ÅÀ» À§ÇØ »ç¿ëµÇ¾îÁø´Ù.
 
        X.25´Â 1976³â¿¡ ½ÂÀεǾúÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÌÈÄ 2¹ø±³Á¤µÇ¾ú´Ù(80³â, 86³â)
 
        X.25´Â º¸Åë PSDN (Packet Switched data Network)¿¡ ¿¬°áµÇ°í, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
        networkÀº X.25 ÆÐŶÀÇ ¿ø°Å¸® Åë½Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å·Ú¼ºÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.
        PSDNÀº º¸Åë membership°ú ¿¬°áºñ¿ë¿¡ ´õÇÏ¿© X.25ÀÇ °¢ Kbyte¿¡ ´ëÇØ
        ºñ¿ëÀ» û±¸ÇÑ´Ù.
 
  2. X.25 Defines DTE/DCE Connection

	X.25´Â DTE (Data Terminal Equipment)¿Í DCE (Data Communication Equipment
	)¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, PSDNÀÇ ³»ºÎÀûÀÎ ÀÛ¾÷¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©´Â Á¤ÀÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
	
	DCE´Â PSDN¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦°øµÇ¸ç, X.25ÀÇ 3 layer¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ÆÐŶ
	½ºÀ§Ä¡Àε¥, ÀÌ ÆÐŶ ½ºÀ§Ä¡´Â programmableÇϸç routingÁ¤º¸¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

	DTE´Â computer systemÀÇ ÇϳªÀÇ part·Î¼­, X.25ÀÇ 3 layer¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù.
	Sun workstationÀº X.25ÀÇ 3 layer¸¦ À§ÇØ SunNet X.25 Á¦Ç°À» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.
	ù¹ø° layer(physical)´Â ¸ðµ©°ú ÇÔ²² MCP¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϰųª, ¸ðµ©°ú ÇÔ²²
	serial Åë½Å portÀÎ TTYA³ª TTYB¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¼öÇàµÇ°í,
	µÎ¹ø° layer(datalink)¿Í ¼¼¹ø° layer(packet)´Â Ä¿³Î³»¿¡ ÀÖ´Â software¿¡
	ÀÇÇØ ¼öÇàµÈ´Ù.

  3. The 3 Layers of X.25

     ¡Ý Physical Layer

	Physical layer´Â DTE/DCEÀÇ Àü±âÀû Ư¼º°ú, connectorÀÇ °¢ pin¿¡´ëÇÑ 
	À§Ä¡¿Í 	connectorÀÇ Å©±âµî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â°èÀû Ư¼º¿¡ °ü°èµÇ¾î Áö´Âµ¥,
	Àü±âÀûÀΠƯ¼ºÀº X.21°ú X.21 bis¿¡ Á¤ÀǵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ°ÍÀº synchronous
	clocking, transmit and receive signals, voltage/current requirement
	(RS232/RS449)µîÀÇ defineÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
	Phical layer´Â DTE¿Í DCE»çÀÌ¿¡ dataÀÇ "bits"¿Í "binary ones and zeros"
	¸¦ º¸³½´Ù.

     ¡Ý Data Link Layer

	Data Link Layer´Â layer 1¿¡¼­ layer 2ÀÇ frameÀ¸·Î Á¤º¸ÀÇ "bit"µéÀ» 
	¸ðÀ¸´Â ±â´ÉÀ» Çϴµ¥, ÀÌ°ÍÀº DTE¿Í DCE »çÀÌ¿¡ ½Å·Ú¼º ÀÖ´Â Á¤º¸¸¦ Àü¼Û
	ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.
	layer 2´Â frameÀÇ Àü¼ÛÀ» À§ÇØ HDLC protocolÀ» »ç¿ëÇϴµ¥, °¢ frameµéÀº
	CRC checksum°ú ÇÔ²² Àü¼ÛµÇ°í, receiveÇÏ´Â Á¾´ÜÀº checksumÀ» ´Ù½Ã °è»ê
	ÇÏ¿© ¿ø·¡ÀÇ °Í°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ¼ö½ÅÇϹǷΠ½Å·Ú¼ºÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.
	¸¸¾à checksumÀÌ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ¸é ¹Þ¾Æµé¿© Áö°í, ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¹«½ÃµÇ¾î Áö´Âµ¥
	°¢ frameµéÀº ¼øÂ÷ÀûÀÎ ¹øÈ£¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾î sender¿Í receiver°¡ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î
	Àü¼ÛÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

     ¡Ý Packet Layer

	ÀÌ layer¿¡¼­ ÇϳªÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·ÎÀÇ µ¥ÀÌŸÀÇ Àü¼ÛÀ» ÇÏ°Ô
	µÇ°í, destination machine¿¡ callÀ» ¿äû, connectionÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥,
	ÀÌ°ÍÀº DTE¿¡¼­ DTE·ÎÀÇ µÎ Á¾Á¡°£ÀÇ ¿¬°áÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. 
	packet layer´Â ¿¬°áÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°í³­ ´ÙÀ½, data packetÀ» º¸³»°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥,
	ÀÌ°ÍÀº DTE¿Í DCE»çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
	packet layer´Â Çѹø¿¡ ÇϳªÀÇ data packet window¸¦ sendingÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
	È帧Á¦¾î¸¦ Çϸç, ÇϳªÀÇ physical link¸¦ ÅëÇØ 4096±îÁöÀÇ virtual
	connectionÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.

	  * Establish Connection ( Full duplex )
	    - connection requeast  (PSE)
	    - setup connection
	    - send data
	    - connection close          

        X.25ÀÇ °¡»óȸ¼± ¼­ºñ½º(virtual-circuit service)´Â µÎ°¡ÁöÇüÀÇ °¡»óȸ¼±À»
        Á¦°øÇϴµ¥ °¡»óÄÝ°ú ¿µ±¸Àû°¡»óȸ¼±ÀÌ´Ù.
        °¡»óÄÝ(virtual call)Àº SVC(Switched Virtual Circuits)¶ó°íµµÇϸç X.21ÀÇ
        °Í°ú À¯»çÇÑ call¼³Á¤°ú Ŭ¸®¾î¸µ ÇÁ·Î½ÃÀú¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© µ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î °¡»óȸ¼±À»
        ¼³Á¤Çϸç, 
        ¿µ±¸Àû °¡»óȸ¼±(PVC : Permanent Virtual Circuits)Àº ¿µ±¸ÀûÀΰÍÀ¸·Î
        Network°¡ ¹èÁ¤ÇÑ °¡»óȸ¼±ÀÌ´Ù. dataÀü¼ÛÀº °¡»óÄÝÀ» ¼ö¹ÝÇÏ´Â °Íó·³
        ¹ß»ýµÇÁö¸¸ Äݼ³Á¤ ¶Ç´Â Ŭ¸®¾î¸µÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù

         +----------+
         | User     |<-------------------------------> To remote
         | Process  |                                  user process
         |----------|                             +----------+
         |          |<--------------------------->|          |
         | Packet   |<--------------------------->| Packet   |
         |----------| Multi-channel logical I/F   |----------|
         | Link     |                             | Link     |
         | access   |<--------------------------->| access   |
         |----------| Lap-B link-level logical I/F|----------|
         |          |                             |          |
         | Physical |<===========================>| Physical |
         +----------+ X.21 physical interface     +----------+

                 < ±×¸² >  X.25 INTERFACE


         --------------------------------------------------------------------
                      ÆÐ   Ŷ   Çü                              ¼­ºñ½º
         -----------------------------------------       --------------------
          DCE¿¡¼­ DTE·Î            DTE¿¡¼­ DCE·Î            SVC       PVC
         --------------------------------------------------------------------
                   Call Setup and Clearing
          Incoming call            Call request              X
          Call connected           Call accepted             X
          Clear indication         Clear request             X
          DCE clear confirmation   DTE clear confirmation    X

                   Data and Interrupt
          DCE data                 DTE data                  X        X
          DCE interrupt            DTE interrupt             X        X
          DCE interrupt confirm.   DTE interrupt confirm.    X        X

                   Flow Control and Reset
          DCE RR                   DTE RR                    X        X
          DCE RNR                  DTE RNR                   X        X
                                   DTE REJ                   X        X
          Reset indication         Reset request             X        X
          DCE reset confirmation   DTE reset confirmation    X        X

                   Restart
          Restart indication       Request request           X        X

                   Diagnostic
          Diagnostic                                         X        X
         --------------------------------------------------------------------
          * RR : Receive Ready
                     < Ç¥ >   X.25 ÆÐŶÇü

  4. Setup procedure

        °¡»óÄÝ(SVC)¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀÏÀÇ ¼ø¼­´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°À¸¸ç PVC¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀÏÀÇ ÁøÇà¼ø¼­´Â
        À§ÀÇ Ç¥¿¡¼­ ó·³ "Call Setup and Clearing"ºÎºÐÀÌ »ý·«µÈ´Ù.

	1) Call RequestÆÐŶÀ» ÀÌ°ÍÀÇ DCE¿¡ º¸³¿À¸·Î½á B·ÎÀÇ °¡»óȸ¼±À» ¿äûÇÑ´Ù.
           ÆÐŶÀº ±Ù¿øÁö¿Í ¸ñÀûÁö ÁÖ¼Ò¿Í°°ÀÌ °¡»óȸ¼± ¹øÈ£(±×·ì, ä³Î)¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔ
           ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. µé¾î°¡°í ³ª°¡´Â µ¥ÀÌŸÀü¼ÛÀº °¡»óȸ¼± ¹øÈ£·Î È®ÀÎÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù
        2) ³×Æ®¿öÅ©´Â ÀÌ ÄÝ¿äûÀ» BÀÇ DCE·Î °æ·Î¹èÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù
        3) BÀÇ DCE´Â ÄÝ ¿äûÀ» ¹Þ°í B¿¡°Ô Call indicationÆÐŶÀ» º¸³½´Ù. ÀÌ ÆÐŶÀº
           Áö¿ªÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ¹øÈ£µé·ÎºÎÅÍ BÀÇ DCE¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼±ÅõÈ
           ¾î¶² ´Ù¸¥ °¡»óȸ¼± ¹øÈ£¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í´Â Call RequestÆÐŶ°ú °°Àº Çü½ÄÀ»
           °®´Â´Ù
        4) B´Â Call indicationÆÐŶÀÇ ¹øȣó·³ ¶È°°Àº °¡»óȸ¼± ¹øÈ£¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â
           Call AcceptedÆÐŶÀ» º¸³¿À¸·Î½á ÄÝÀÇ ¼ö¶ôÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇÑ´Ù
        5) A´Â Call requestÆÐŶ°ú °°Àº ¶È°°Àº °¡»óȸ¼± ¹øÈ£¸¦ °®´Â Call Connected
           ÆÐŶÀ» ¹Þ°ÔµÈ´Ù
        6) A¿Í B´Â ±×µé °¢ÀÚÀÇ °¡»óȸ¼± ¹øÈ£µéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© µ¥ÀÌŸ¿Í Á¦¾îÆÐŶµéÀ» 
           º¸³½´Ù
        7) A(¶Ç´Â B)´Â °¡»óȸ¼±ÀÇ Á¾·á¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© Clear requestÆÐŶÀ» º¸³»°í,
           Local Clear ConfirmationÆÐŶÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù
        8) B(¶Ç´Â A)´Â Clear IndicationÆÐŶÀ» ¹Þ°í Clear ConfirmationÆÐŶÀ» º¸³½´Ù


                     machine A                        machine B
                        |                                 |
                    CALL REQUEST  ________                |
                        |                 ---------> CALL INDICATION 
                        |                                 |
                        |                 __________ Call ACCEPTED	
                    CALL CONNECTED <------                |
                        |                                 |
                        |                                 |
                      DATA        ________                |
                        |                 ---------->   DATA 
                        |                                 |
                                     ...
                        |                                 |
                        |                 ____________   RR
                       RR         <--------               |
                        |                                 |
                                    ...

                    CLEAR REQUEST ________                |
                        |                 ----------> CLEAR INDICATION
                    CLEAR CONFIRMATION                    |
                                                      CLEAR CONFIRMATION
                                                          |

                    < ±×¸² > ÀÏÀÇ ¼ø¼­ - X.25 °¡»óÄÝ


  5. X.25 Packet Layer

	1) Multiplexing
	    X.25´Â logical channel number¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©, multiplex vitual connect-
	    ionÀ» Á¦°øÇϴµ¥, ÇϳªÀÇ physical link¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© 4096±îÁöÀÇ virtual
	    connectionÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.

            ¾Æ·¡±×¸²Àº °¡»óȸ¼±ÀÇ addressÇÒ´çÀ» ¹¦»çÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¹øÈ£ 0Àº Ç×»ó 
            Restart¿Í Áø´Ü¿ë ÆÐŶÀ» À§ÇØ À¯º¸µÈ´Ù. 
            PVC(¿µ±¸Àû °¡»óȸ¼±)´Â 1·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â ¹øÈ£µéÀ» ¹è´ç¹Þ°Ô µÇ°í, SVC´Â
            low¿¡¼­ high±îÁö¸¦ defineÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù





            Virtual
            circuit  ------
            number     |
                     1 |----------
                       |  PVC (Permenent virtual circuits)
                   High|----------
                       |
                   Low |----------==============
                       |  One-way incoming    |
                       |  virtual calls       | Assignment by DCE
                   High|----------            |
                       |                      v
                   Low |----------
                       |  Two-way
                       |  virtual calls
                   High|----------
                       |                      ^
                   Low |----------            |
                       |  One-way outgoing    | Assignment by DTE
                       |  virtual calls       |
                   High|----------==============
                       |
                       |
                   4095---

                 < ±×¸² >  °¡»óȸ¼± ¹øÈ£ ÇÒ´ç 

	2) Connection Establishment
	    X.25 network¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °¢ node´Â uniqueÇÑ X.121 address¸¦ °¡Áö¸ç,
	    telephone call°ú À¯»çÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² node¿¡ ´ëÇÑ callÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.
	3) Data Transfer and Flow Control
            X.25 ÆÐŶ ·¹º§¿¡¼­ÀÇ È帧Á¦¾î´Â Çü½Ä°ú ÇÁ·Î½ÃÁ®¿¡ À־ LINK
            Access °èÃþ¿¡¼­ÀÇ È帧Á¦¾î¿Í »ç½Ç»ó µ¿ÀÏÇϸç, ½½¶óÀ̵ù À©µµ¿ì
            ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÌ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù
            default windowÀÇ Å©±â´Â 2À̸ç 7bit field¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© 127±îÁö ¼³Á¤
            ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

	    connectionÀÇ ¼³Á¤ÈÄ X.25´Â data¸¦ ÁÖ°í ¹Þ´Âµ¥, window¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©
	    flow controlÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦µé¾î X.25ÀÇ windowÀÇ Å©±â°¡ 7À̶ó¸é 
	    sender´Â Çѹø¿¡ 7°³±îÁöÀÇ frameÀ» º¸³¾¼ö Àִµ¥, receiver´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã
	    sender°¡ Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ packetÀ» º¸³»±âÀü¿¡ acknowledge¸¦ º¸³»¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
	    ¸¸¾à receiver°¡ busy»óÅ¿©¼­ Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ packetÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é,
	    RNRÀ» sender·Î º¸³»°í receiver°¡ ¹ÞÀ» Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù¸é, RRÀ»
	    sender¿¡°Ô º¸³½´Ù.

	4) Diagnostic Codes
	    X.25 packet layer´Â ¹®Á¦ÀÇ °ËÃâ°ú resolutionÀ» À§ÇØ diagnostic code
	    ¸¦ Á¦°øÇϴµ¥, ¿¹¸¦µé¾î X.25¿¡ ¿¬°áÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÒ¶§ line upÀÌ µÇÁö¾Ê°Å³ª
	    runningµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, 0x43ÀÇ diganostic code¸¦ µ¹·Á¹Þ°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥,
	    Invalid Called DTE address¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.

        5) Reset and Restart
            X.25´Â ¿¡·¯¸¦ ȸº¹½ÃÅ°´Â 2°¡Áö ±â¹ýÀ» Á¦°øÇϴµ¥, reset±â¹ýÀº 
            °¡»óȸ¼±À» ´Ù½Ã ÃʱâÈ­ ½ÃÅ°´Âµ¥ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº Á¾Á¡µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ 
            ¼ø¼­¹øÈ£µéÀÌ 0À¸·Î Á¤ÇØÁø´Ù´Â°ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù
            ResetÀº ÆÐŶÀÇ ¼Õ½Ç, ¼ø¼­¹øÈ£ ¿¡·¯, °úÀ×¹ÐÁý ¶Ç´Â network ³»ºÎ °¡»ó
            ȸ¼±ÀÇ ¼Õ½ÇÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº ¿¡·¯Á¶°Çµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¾ß±âµÉ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
            DTE ¶Ç´Â DCE´Â Reset Request ¶Ç´Â Reset IndicationÀ¸·Î ResetÀ» ÃʱâÈ­
            ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ°í ¼ö·ÉÀÚ´Â Reset ConfirmationÀ¸·Î ÀÀ´äÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. 
            ´©°¡ ResetÀ» ÃʱâÈ­ Çß°Ç°£¿¡ DCE´Â ´Ù¸¥Á¾Á¡¿¡ Å뺸ÇÒ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù
            º¸´Ù ½É°¢ÇÑ ¿¡·¯Á¶°ÇÀº RestartÀÇ ¿äûÀÌ´Ù. Restart Request ÆÐŶÀ»
            º¸³»´Â °ÍÀº ¸ðµç ´Éµ¿Àû °¡»óÄÝ »óÅ¿¡¼­ Clear Request¸¦ º¸³»´Â °Í°ú
            ¸ðµç ´Éµ¿Àû ¿µ±¸ °¡»óȸ¼±»ó¿¡ Reset Request¸¦ º¸³»´Â°Í°ú °°´Ù.
            Restart°¡ ¹ß»ýµÇ¸é ´Ù½Ã DTE³ª DCE´Â µ¿ÀÛÀ» ÃʱâÈ­ ½ÃŲ´Ù.

     ¡Ý X.121 Addressing

	!     DNIC    !        NTN    !
        -------------------------------
	! 3 ! 10 ! 6- !  1000-  !  00 ! 
	-------------------------------
          !   !     !      !        !______ Sub Address
	  !   !     !      !________ Network terminal Number
	  !   !     !_______________ Network Number 6 = Tymnet
	  !   !_____________________ Country Code 10, 11, 12 = US
	  !_________________________ World Zone 3 = North America

	* DNIC  :  Data Network Identification Code
	* NTN   :  Network Terminal Number
	* X.121 Address´Â 4 ÀÚ¸®ÀÇ DNIC number¿Í 10 ÀÚ¸®±îÁöÀÇ NTN number·Î
	  ±¸¼ºµÈ´Âµ¥, NTNÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· µÎÀÚ¸®´Â sub-addressingÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.

	    
     ¡Ý 3 Phases of X.25
	1) Call Set-Up (Connection Establishment)
	   µÎ°³ÀÇ ³ëµå°¡ X.25¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© Åë½ÅÀ» ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÒ¶§, ÇϳªÀÇ ³ëµå´Â
	   caller DTEÀÌ°í ´Ù¸¥Çϳª´Â called DCEÀÌ´Ù.
	   caller DTE´Â PSN(Packet Swtching Node)¿¡ X.25 CALL REQUEST packetÀ» º¸³»´Âµ¥, ÀÌ packetÀº
	   destination node³ª called DCEÀÇ X.121 address¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù.
	   PSNÀº CALL REQUEST packetÀ» destination¿¡ º¸³»±â À§ÇØ ¾î¶»°Ô route
	   ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ°í, CALL REQUEST¸¦ ¹Þ´Â called DCE´Â CALL ACCEPT
	   packetÀ» returnÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­ callÀ» acceptÇÏ´øÁö, CLEAR REQUEST packetÀ»
	   º¸³¿¿¡ ÀÇÇØ callÀ» °ÅÀýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
	2) Data Transfer Phase
	   Data´Â DTE¿Í DCE»çÀÌ¿¡ Àü¼ÛµÇ´Âµ¥, Çѹø data packetÀ» DCE°¡ ¹ÞÀ¸¸é
	   PSNÀº remoteÀÇ DTE¿¡ data packetÀ» Àü¼ÛÇϴ åÀÓÀ» Áø´Ù.
	3) CALL Clearing (Connection De-establishment)
	   ¸ðµç dataÀÇ Àü¼ÛÀ̳ª ÀÛ¾÷ÀÇ ¿Ï·áÈÄ caller DTE³ª called DCE´Â ÀÛ¾÷ÀÇ
	   ¿Ï·á¸¦ ¾Ë¸®°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥, ÀÌ°ÍÀº CLEAR REQUEST packetÀ» º¸³¿À¸·Î¼­
	   ¼öÇàµÈ´Ù.
	   callÀÌ clearµÇ¸é logical channel(LCN)À̳ª buffer¿Í °°ÀÌ call°ú ÇÔ²²
	   ÁöÁ¤µÇ¾ú´ø ¸ðµç resourceµéÀº X.25·Î µÇµ¹·Á Áö°ÔµË´Ï´Ù.


    ¡Ý Data Packet

	1) data packetÀº µÎ ³ëµåµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ Á¤º¸ÀÇ Àü¼ÛÀ» À§ÇØ »ç¿ëµÇ¸ç, 
	   receiving applicationÀ̳ª PAD¿Í °°Àº device¿¡ ÀÇÇØ interpreteµÇ´Â
	   Ưº°ÇÑ control Á¤º¸¸¦ À§ÇØ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.
	   ¸¸¾à Q bit°¡ "1"ÀÌ¸é ±× data´Â Ưº°ÇÑ control Á¤º¸ÀÓÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»°í, "0"
	   À̸é ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.
	2) µÎ ³ëµåµé »çÀÌ¿¡ data°¡ Àü¼ÛµÉ¶§, window ÀÇ Å©±â´Â receiving acknow-
	   ledgement¾øÀÌ Çѹø¿¡ º¸³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â data packet¼ö¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.

    ¡Ý Reset packet

	1) data°¡ Àü¼ÛµÇ¾î Áö´Âµ¿¾È ¸¸¾à DTE³ª DCE°¡ packet sequence error¿Í
	   °°Àº ¾î¶² ¿¡·¯¸¦ °ËÃâÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é RESET REQUEST PACKETÀÌ ¾çÂÊÀ¸·Î
	   º¸³»Áö°Ô µÈ´Ù.
	2) RESET operationÀÌ ¼öÇàµÇ°Ô µÇ¸é bufferÀÇ flush·Î ÀÎÇØ outstandingµÈ
	   dataÀÇ ÀϺδ ¼Õ½ÇµÇ¸ç, sender¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àç¼Û½ÅµÈ´Ù.

  6. X.25 Data Link Layer

	1) Reliable Transmission
	   data link layer´Â DTE¿¡¼­ DCE·Î ½Å·Ú¼º ÀÖ´Â µ¥ÀÌŸÀÇ Àü¼ÛÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.
	   data´Â HDLC information frameÀ¸·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ°í °¢ frameÀº ¼øÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î
	   receiver¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿äûµÇ¾î Áø´Ù.
	   ¿äû¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀº frameµéÀº ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³­ÈÄ ÀçÀü¼Û µÇ¾îÁö¸ç, ¸¸¾à
	   frameÀÇ ¾î¶² ºÎºÐÀ» ¹ÞÁö¸øÇØ receiver°¡ Ưº°È÷ ¿äûÇÒ °æ¿ìµµ sender
	   °¡ frameÀ» ÀçÀü¼ÛÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
	2) Link Level Connection Establishment
	   connectionÀº DTE¿Í DCE»çÀÌ¿¡ ¼³Á¤µÇ¸ç, X.25´Â LAPB³ª Link Access
	   Procedure( Balanced mode )¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸç, ÀÌ modeÀÇ operationÀº sender¿Í
	   receiver°¡ command³ª response¸¦ º¸³¾¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.
	   Âü°í·Î SDLC´Â primary/secondary modeÀÇ operationÀ» »ç¿ëÇϴµ¥, ÀÌ°ÍÀº
	   primary stationÀÌ command¸¦ º¸³»°í secondary stationÀÌ response¸¦
	   º¸³»´Â °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
	3) Data Transfer and Flow Control
	   data´Â I-frameÀ̶ó ºÒ·¯Áö´Â HDLC information frameÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Àü¼Û
	   µÇ¸ç, °¢ I-frameÀº N(R)°ú N(S) count¸¦ °¡Áö°í Àִµ¥ N(R)Àº ´ÙÀ½¿¡
	   receiveµÉ I-frameÀ» °¡¸£Å°°í, N(S)´Â ´ÙÀ½¿¡ sendµÉ I-frameÀ» °¡¸£Å²´Ù.
	   flow controlÀº packet layer¿Í À¯»çÇÏ¿© RNR°ú RRÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
	4) Recoverable and Irrecoverable conditions
	   data link layer´Â Ưº°ÇÑ REJECT frameÀ» º¸³¿¿¡ ÀÇÇØ frameÀÇ lost³ª
	   damage¸¦ º¹±¸ÇÑ´Ù. 

	HDLC frame structure
	-----------------------------------------------------------------
	|   Flag    |Address|Control|Information|Frame Check|   Flag    | 
	| 01111110  |Field  |Field  |Field      |Sequence   | 01111110  |
	-----------------------------------------------------------------