1992.4.17


SUBJECT: Setting Up Subnets

MEANING OF THIS MEMO:
ÀÌ memo´Â Sun STB (July 1990)ÀÇ p71 articleÀ» ¹ø¿ªÇÑ °ÍÀÓ. 

CONTENTS:
0. Introduction
1. Subnetting Procedures
2. Subnet Detailed Explanations
   1) Internet Address Scheme
   2) Subnetting
   3) Using Non-Byte-Aligned Netmasks
   4) Subnetting  Do's & Don'ts
   5) Support Guidelines

DESCRIPTIONS:
0. Introduction
   ¶ÇÇÑ SunOS Release 4.0.3 À» ±âÁØÀ¸·Î ÇÑ °ÍÀ̱⿡
   ÀÌÈÄ 4.1, 4.1.1ÀÇ rc script µéÀÇ network °ü·Ã device handling ¿¡ Àͼ÷ÇÑ °æ¿ì´Â
   Á¶±Ý ´Ù¸¥ ´À³¦À» °¡Áú °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
   ÇÏÁö¸¸ subnet À» ÀÌÇØÇϴµ¥´Â Á¶±Ýµµ ÁöÀåÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸®¶ó »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.

1. Subnetting Procedures
   1) »õ·Î¿î network/subnet topology¸¦ °áÁ¤
      * ¸î°³ÀÇ physical subnetÀ¸·Î ºÐ¸®ÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ °áÁ¤
      * subnet °£ÀÇ router·Î½á ¾²ÀÏ machineÀ» °áÁ¤
      * subnet »óÀÇ hostµéÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ °áÁ¤
      * IP addressÀÇ ¸î°³ÀÇ bit°¡ network number·Î ¾²ÀÏÁö¸¦ °áÁ¤ - network class¸¦ °áÁ¤

      º¸±â)
        Class B network address : 129.145.0.0
        Netmask = 255.255.255.0


                 netmask = 255.255.255.0
                 |--------------------------------------------| 129.145.14
                         |                    |
                         |                    |
                     ie0 | 14.1           ie0 | 14.2
                  +--------------+      +-------------+
                  |  snowwhite   |      |             |
                 ------------------     |    happy    |
                  | snowwhite-gw |      |             |
                  +--------------+      +-------------+
                     ie1 | 15.1 
                         |
                         |            netmask = 255.255.255.0
                |--------------------------------------------| 129.145.15
                                 |
                             ie0 | 15.2 
                          +--------------+
                          |              |
                          |    dumbo     |
                          |              |
                          +--------------+

   2) subnet»óÀÇ machineµé¿¡ host address¸¦ ÇÒ´çÇÑ´Ù.
   3) »õ·ÎÀÌ ÇÒ´çµÈ IP address¿¡ ¸ÂÃç /etc/hosts fileÀ» º¯°æÇÑ´Ù.
      * 127.0.0.1 localhost entry´Â º¯°æÇϰųª Áö¿ö¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù.
      * loghost alias´Â ÀÓÀÇ´ë·Î ÇÒ´ç °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
        NIS¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é °¢ machineÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ hostnameÀ» loghost·Î
        aliasÇÏ¿© ½º½º·Î°¡ loghost°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
      * ´ë¹®ÀÚ°¡ hostname¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ¸é NISÇÏ¿¡¼± ¹®Á¦ ¹ß»ý ¼ÒÁö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
        ±×·¯¹Ç·Î hostnameÀº Ç×»ó ¼Ò¹®ÀÚ·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀº ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù.
   4) NIS°¡ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù¸é NIS Master»çÀÇ /etc/hosts fileÀÌ Á¤È®ÇÑÁö, ¿Ï¼º µÇ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦
      È®ÀÎÇÏ°í ÀÌÈÄ NIS database¸¦ updateÇϽöó.
           # /var/yp/make hosts  ( NIS master»ó¿¡¼­ )
   5) Diskless Client°¡ network¿¡ ºÙ¾î ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì
      * ÀüÅëÀûÀ¸·Î serverÀÇ ie0 interface¿¡ client¸¦ attachÇÑ´Ù.
        second ethernetÀÌ ¾Æ´ÔÀ» ÁÖÀÇÇϽöó.
      * serverÀÇ /usr/etc/rarpd°¡ network interface»ó¿¡¼­ ¼öÇàÀÌ µÇ´ÂÁö¸¦ È®ÀÎ.
      * serverÀÇ /tftpboot directory¿¡ hexaÈ­ÇÑ clientÀÇ IP address·ÎÀÇ
        symbolic link°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´ÂÁö, ±× hexa°ªÀº º¯È­µÈ IP address¿¡ ¸Â°Ô
        º¯°æµÈ¾ú´ÂÁö È®ÀÎ.
   6) Network Setup : µÎ °¡Áö ¹æ¹ý
       (¹æ¹ý 1)
         1. /etc/netmasks
            129.145.0.0     255.255.255.0
         2. /etc/rc.local
            ÀûÀýÇÑ ifconfig line ÀÖ´ÂÁö È®ÀÎ
                # ifconfig ie0 hostname netmask +
         3. gateway machine¿¡¼­´Â /etc/rc.local¿¡ Ãß°¡µÇ´Â network interface¿¡
            ´ëÇÑ ifconfig lineÀÌ addingµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
                # ifconfig ie1 hostname netmask +
         4. NIS¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù¸é, /etc/netmasks°¡ Á¤È®ÇÑ informationÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇÏ´ÂÁö
            È®ÀÎÇÑ ÈÄ NIS database¸¦ updateÇÑ´Ù.
                # /var/yp/make metmasks
       (¹æ¹ý 2)
         1. ¹æ¹ý 1 À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¾î¶² ¹®Á¦µéÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù¸é,
            /etc/rc.localÀÇ ifconfig lineÀ» comment outÇÏ°í
            /etc/rc.bootÀÇ ¸í½ÃµÈ ifconfig entry¸¦ ´ë½Å »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
            ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ example¼­ /etc/rc.bootÀÇ #À» »©°í /etc/rc.local¿¡ #À» ³öµÐ´Ù.
         2. snowwhite »ó¿¡¼­.
            /etc/rc.boot :
            # ifconfig ie0 $hostname -trailers up netmask 255.255.255.0
            # ifconfig ie1 snowwhite-rt -trailers up netmask 255.255.255.0
            /etc/rc.local :
            # ifconfig ie0 $hostname netmask +
            # ifconfig ie1 snowwhite-rt netmask +
         3. happy »ó¿¡¼­.
            /etc/rc.boot :
            # ifconfig ie0 $hostname -trailers up netmask 255.255.255.0
            /etc/rc.local :
            # ifconfig ie0 $hostname netmask +
   7) Reboot all machimes
   8) IP address,netmask,broadcast address °¡ interface typeÀ» °¡Áø
      ifconfig commandÀÇ argument·Î Á¤È®È÷ »ç¿ëµÇ´ÂÁö¸¦ checkÇÑ´Ù.

            
2. Subnet Detailed Explanations
   1) Internet Address Scheme
      * subnetÀº ´ÜÀÏ Internet networkÀÇ ³í¸®Àû subsectionÀ̹ǷΠsubnettingÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§Çؼ±
        ¸ÕÀú Internet addressing scheme À» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
      * ¸ðµç site´Â °íÀ¯ÀÇ Internet number¸¦ °®°Ô µÈ´Ù.
        ÀÌ number´Â SRIÀÇ NIS(Network Information Center)¿¡¼­ ÇÒ´çµÇ°í °ü¸®µÈ´Ù.
      * IP address´Â network address ¿Í host number¶ó´Â µÎ ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¸ç
        32 bit number·Î Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù.
        IP addressÀÇ formatÀº period·Î ±¸ºÐµÈ´Â 4°³ÀÇ field·Î ±¸ºÐµÈ´Ù.
    	°¢ field´Â 8 bit·Î 10Áø¼ö¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù.
      * IP address´Â 3°³ÀÇ class·Î Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù.
   
      * Class A:
        ù¹ø° field°¡ network addressÀÌ°í ³ª¸ÓÁö ¼¼ °³ÀÇ field°¡ host address¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù.
        °¢ fieldÀÇ ¹üÀ§´Â 
        [1-127].[0-254].[0-254].[1-254]
        127.0.0.1ÀÇ binary Ç¥Çö: 01111111.00000000.00000000.00000001 
            network address = 127
            host address = 0.0.1
        127 network address´Â ½ÇÁ¦·Î ƯÁ¤ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇØ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
        SunOS´Â À̸¦ loopback interface address·Î »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
      * Class B:
        ù¹ø° µÎ field´Â network addressÀÌ°í ³ª¸ÓÁö µÎ field´Â host addressÀÌ´Ù.
        °¢ fieldÀÇ ¹üÀ§´Â 
        [128-191].[1-254].[0-254].[1-254]
        129.25.10.2ÀÇ binary Ç¥Çö: 10000001.00011001.00001100.00000010 
            network address = 129.25
            host address = 10.2
      * Class C:
        ù¹ø° ¼¼ field´Â network addressÀÌ°í ³ª¸ÓÁö ÇÑ field´Â host addressÀÌ´Ù.
        °¢ fieldÀÇ ¹üÀ§´Â 
        [192-254].[1-254].[1-254].[1-254]
        192.9.200.11ÀÇ binary Ç¥Çö: 11000000.00001001.11001000.00001011 
            network address = 192.9.200
            host address = 11

      * ù µÎ bit ´Â address class¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.
	  01 - class A
	  10 - class B
	  11 - class C
      * IP broadcast address´Â  0 ³ª 255 ÀÇ  address number¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
      * network address·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â field³ª last host address byte°¡
        0 À̳ª 255 °¡ µÇ¾î¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù.
      * À߸ø ÇÒ´çµÈ IP address
        0.0.10.1       (network field¿¡ 0)
        255.0.10.1     (network field¿¡ 255)
        192.9.200.0    (last host field¿¡ 0)
        192.9.200.255  (last host field¿¡ 255)

   2) Subnetting
      * subnettingÀº adminÀ̳ª technicalÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯·Î 
        ´ÜÀÏ Internet network¸¦ º¸´Ù ÀÛÀº network(subnets)·Î ºÐ¸®ÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ´Ù.
      * °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ Internet number¸¦ ¾ò´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾î·Æ±â ¶§¹®¿¡,
        subnettingÀº °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ network address ¹üÀ§¸¦ ³Ñ¾î 
        network address¸¦ ´Ã¸®´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.
	Class C nets ¸¦ subnettingÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì µå¹® °æ¿ìÀÓÀ» ÁÖÀÇ ÇϽöó.
      * ´ë´ÜÀ§ network¿¡¼­ÀÇ  subnettingÀº
        routingÀ» ¸Å¿ì È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¶Ç administrationÀ» ¸Å¿ì ½±°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô²û ÇÑ´Ù.
        ÁÁÀº ¿¹°¡ telephone networkÀÌ´Ù. ÀüÈ­¹øÈ£´Â Áö¿ª Äڵ忡 µû¶ó ºÐ·ùµÇ¸ç
        ÀÌ ÄÚµå·Î ƯÁ¤ ÀüÈ­¹øÈ£¸¦ ±× Àå¼Ò¿¡ Á¤È®È÷ routingÇϰԵȴÙ.
      * subnetting Àº 32 bit netmask ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¼öÇàµÈ´Ù.
	netmask´Â IP address¸¦ AND-edÇÏ¿© network number¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù(mask offÇÑ´Ù).
	¿¹¸¦ µé¾î 255.255.255.0 °°Àº netmask´Â ¾Æ·¡ º¸¿©Áö´Â IP address¿¡ ´ëÇØ Ã¹ ¼¼ field¸¦ mask off
	Áï network number·Î ¸¸µç´Ù.

	    IP address :              11000000.00001001.11001000.00001011
	    netmask :                 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
	    perform logical 'and' :   -----------------------------------
	    network address :         11000000.00001001.11001000.00000000

	ÀÌ´Â Class C address¿¡ ´ëÇÑ default netmaskÀÌ´Ù.
	Class A address¿¡ ´ëÇÑ default netmask´Â 255.0.0.0 ´Ù.
	Class B address¿¡ ´ëÇÑ default netmask´Â 255.255.0.0 ´Ù.
	±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ subnet mask°¡ set µÈ´Ù¸é, systemÀº ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ default°ªµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
      * º¸Åë ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Class¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÁ¤µÇ´Â network address ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´õ ¸¹Àº bits¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é,
	Áï ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Class¿¡¼­ Çã¿ëµÈ network numberÀÇ ÃÖ´ë °¹¼ö ÀÌ»óÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é,
	default¿Í´Â ´Ù¸¥ netmask¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© subnettingÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
      * subnetting example :
	address 24 ÀÎ Class A network ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏÀÚ.  host number °¡ 11 À̶ó¸é ÀÌ network¿¡¼­ÀÇ
	IP address´Â 24.0.0.11ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.

           |--------------------------------------------| 24
                     ie0 |                 ie0|
                         | 0.0.11             | 0.0.15
                  +--------------+      +-------------+
                  |              |      |             |
                  |    happy     |      |    doc      |
                  |              |      |             |
                  +--------------+      +-------------+

	ÀÌ networkÀ» µÎ °³·Î ºÐ¸®ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.
        ¿ì¼± router machineÀ» ÅëÇØ µÎ °³ÀÇ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ physical·Î ºÐ¸®ÇÑ´Ù.
        router machine ÀÇ ie0, ie1 °¢°¢¿¡ µÎ °³ÀÇ subnetÀ» ¿¬°áÇÑ´Ù.
	ù 8 bits ´Â °ø½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÒ´çµÈ network number ÀÎ 24·Î setting µÈ´Ù. 
	ÀÌ network address¿¡¼­  À§ÀÇ µÎ subnet¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÏ´Â 
        µÎ °³ÀÇ network number¸¦ ¾ò±â À§Çؼ­´Â host number ¿¡ ÇÒ´çµÈ field¿¡¼­ 
        ¸î °³ÀÇ bit¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
        Class A ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ subnet mask ´Â 255.255.0.0·Î¼­
        º¹¼ö°³ÀÇ network address ¸¦ ¾ò±â À§Çؼ­ µÎ ¹ø° field¸¦ »ç¿ë ÇÑ´Ù.


                 netmask = 255.255.0.0
                 |--------------------------------------------| 24.10
                         |                    |
                         |                    |
                     ie0 | 10.0.1         ie0 | 10.0.2
                  +--------------+      +-------------+
                  |  snowwhite   |      |             |
                 ------------------     |    doc      |
                  | snowwhite-gw |      |             |
                  +--------------+      +-------------+
                     ie1 | 11.0.12
                         |
                         |            netmask = 255.255.0.0
                |--------------------------------------------| 24.11
                                 |
                             ie0 | 11.0.8
                          +--------------+
                          |              |
                          |    happy     |
                          |              |
                          +--------------+



   3) Using Non-Byte-Aligned Netmasks
      * netmask setting Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î
        byte-aligned field boundary (i.e. 255.255.0.0 ³ª 255.255.255.0) ¹æ½ÄÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
        ÇÏÁö¸¸ netmask ¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â bit ¼ö´Â byte-aligned boundary¸¦ ÃÊ°úÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
	ÇÑ ¿¹·Î network addressÀÇ Ã¹ 21 bits¸¦  subnet mask·Î »ç¿ëÇÑ °æ¿ìÀÌ´Ù.

	       255.255.248.0   in binary:  11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000

      * À§ÀÇ ¿¹¿¡¼­ ó·³  non-byte-aligned netmask ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ °æ¿ì ÁÖÀÇÇÒ Á¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
	¿¹¸¦ µé¾î Class B address 129.145.0.0 ¿¡ ´ëÇØ À§ÀÇ netmask¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í 
        subnet À¸·Î 129.145.8 ¿Í 129.145.9 ¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÑ´Ù¸é
        ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº bit configurationÀ» ¾ò´Â´Ù.

               129.145.8                   10000001.10010001.00001000.00000000
               apply the netmask:          11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
               resulting network address:  10000001.10010001.00001

               129.145.9                   10000001.10010001.00001001.00000000
               apply the netmask:          11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
               resulting network address:  10000001.10010001.00001

	network address °¡ °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î °°À½¿¡ ÁÖ¸ñÇϽöó.
        ÀÌ´Â ´ç¿¬È÷ routing ¿¡ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¹ß»ý½ÃŲ´Ù.
      * µû¶ó¼­  netmask¿¡ ÀÇÇØ  masking µÇ´Â bits ¿¡ Æ÷Ç﵃  network address¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÒ ¶§´Â
        ÁÖÀǸ¦ ¿äÇÑ´Ù. 
	´ÙÀ½Àº À§ ¿¹¿¡¼­ º¸¿©ÁØ ´Ù¼¸ °³ÀÇ  high-order bits  ÀÌ´Ù.

                               nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.ssssshhh.hhhhhhhh
               129.145.24      10000001.10010001.00011000.00000000
               129.145.56      10000001.10010001.00111000.00000000
               129.145.32      10000001.10010001.00100000.00000000




   4) Subnetting  Do's & Don'ts

      1. ÀÏ°üµÈ subnet maskingÀ» »ç¿ëÇϽöó.
	 subnetting¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ÇÑ ±ÔÄ¢Àº
         µ¿ÀÏ network class¸¦ °¡Áø subnetÀº netmask°¡ °°¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡.

	 < À߸øµÈ configuration >


           netmask = 255.255.255.0
           |----------------------------------------| 24.10.3     <-----+
                   |                    |                               |
                   |                    |                               |
               ie0 | 24.10.3.1      ie0 | 24.10.3.2                     |
           +--------------+      +-------------+                        |
           |  snowwhite   |      |             |                 µ¿ÀÏ nework class ÀÇ subnetÀ»
          ------------------     |    doc      |                 ´Ù¸¥ netmasking ÇÑ °æ¿ì
           | snowwhite-gw |      |             |                        |
           +--------------+      +-------------+                        |
               ie1 | 24.11.0.12                                         |
                   |                                                    |
                   |            netmask = 255.255.0.0                   |
           |--------------------------------------------| 24.11   <-----+
                                 |
                             ie0 | 24.11.0.8
                          +--------------+
                          |              |
                          |    happy     |
                          |              |
                          +--------------+








	 < ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ configuration >


            netmask = 255.255.0.0
            |--------------------------------------------| 24.10   <-----+
                    |                    |                               |
                    |                    |                               |
                ie0 | 24.10.0.1      ie0 | 24.10.0.2                     |
            +--------------+      +-------------+                        |
            |  snowwhite   |      |             |            ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ nework class ÀÇ subnetÀ»
           ------------------     |    doc      |            ´Ù¸¥ netmasking ÇÑ °æ¿ì
            | snowwhite-gw |      |             |                        |
            +--------------+      +-------------+                        |
                ie1 | 129.145.2.10                                       |
                    |                                                    |
                    |            netmask = 255.255.255.0                 |
            |-------------------------------------------| 129.145.2  <---+
                                 |
                             ie0 | 129.145.2.8
                          +--------------+
                          |              |
                          |    happy     |
                          |              |
                          +--------------+



      2. µ¿ÀÏÇÑ physical network¿¡ subnetµéÀ» ¸¸µéÁö ¸¶½Ã¶ó.
         * subnetÀº router machine¿¡ ÀÇÇØ physicalÇÏ°Ô ºÐ¸®µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
	   µÎ subnetÀº µ¿ÀÏ physicalÇÑ network¿¡ ¼¯¿© À־´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù.  ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ¿¹´Â À߸øµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

                   netmask = 255.255.0.0
                  |--------------------------------------------------------------------| 24
                            ie0 |                 ie0|                  ie0 |
                                | 10.0.11            | 11.0.15              | 11.0.16
                         +--------------+      +-------------+       +--------------+
                         |              |      |             |       |              |
                         |    happy     |      |    doc      |       |    sleepy    |
                         |              |      |             |       |              |
                         +--------------+      +-------------+       +--------------+

	 * ÀÌ °æ¿ì 24.10 °ú 24.11 ÀÌ µ¿ÀÏ cable À§¿¡ ³õÀÏ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Â °Í.  ÀÌ °æ¿ì´Â routingÀ»
	   º¹ÀâÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿© °á±¹ subnettingÀº ½ÇÆÐÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

   5) Support Guidelines
      * subnettingÀÇ °³³ä°ú ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ IP address¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© subnetÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» È®½ÇÈ÷ ÇϽöó.
	Á¤È®È÷ ±¸¼ºµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº subnet environment´Â
        network-based services¿¡ ¾ÆÁÖ ½É°¢ÇÏ°í Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ °á°ú¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
      * ¶§¶§·Î subnet»óÀÇ machine °£¿¡ Åë½ÅÀÌ ¾ÈµÇ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.
        °¡Àå ÈçÇÑ °ÍÀÌ sunnet masks¸¦ Àß ¸ø settingÇÔÀ¸·Î½á 
        ¿©·¯ subnet»óÀÇ machine µé°ú Åë½ÅÇϴµ¥ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» °Þ´Â °æ¿ìÀÌ´Ù.
	ÀÌ °æ¿ì´Â OS¸¦ re-installÇÏ°í  overwrittenµÈ
        /etc/netmasks, /etc/rc.local, /etc/rc.boot fileÀÇ netmask°ü·Ã ºÎºÐÀ»
        editÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» ¶§ ÀÚÁÖ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.
	¿©Å¸ subnet»óÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ systemÀ» ãÀ» ¶§ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â error message´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

		Send to: Network is unreachable
	        Connection timed out

      * ¿©·¯ subnet»óÀÇ systemµé°ú network¿¡ ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ´ÙÀ½À» checkÇØ º¸½Ã¶ó.
	1. netstat·Î  ÇöÀçÀÇ routing tableÀ» checkÇϽöó.
	   ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î subnet mask°¡ Àß ¸ø settingµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù¸é ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº °á°ú¸¦ º¼ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

	   # netstat -rn
	   Routing tables
           Destination   Gateway       Flags    Refcnt     Use     Interface
           127.0.0.1     127.0.0.1     UH       1          91      lo0
           127.145.0.0   129.145.19.7  UGH      0          0       le0

           subnet mask°¡ Á¦´ë·Î settingµÇ¾ú´Ù¸é ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº °á°ú¸¦ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

	   # netstat -rn
	   Routing tables
           Destination   Gateway       Flags    Refcnt     Use     Interface
           192.9.66.1    129.145.19.1  UGH      0          0       le0
           192.9.44.1    129.145.19.1  UGH      0          0       le0
           127.0.0.1     127.0.0.1     UH       1          91      lo0
           192.9.44.2    129.145.19.1  UGH      0          0       le0

	2. ¸¸¾à routing tableÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é ifconfig·Î  checkÇØ º¸½Ã¶ó.

	   # ifconfig le0
	   le0: flags=63
	   inet 129.145.19.7 netmask ffff0000 broadcast 129.145.19.0
 	
	   À§ÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â default class B subnet mask Áï ffff0000°¡ settingµÇ¾î ÀÖÁö¸¸  
           ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â nondefault mask°¡ settingµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìÀÎÁö¸¦ checkÇØ º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
        3. subnet mask°¡ settingµÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù¸é,
           1. Subnetting ProceduresÀÇ step 6 À» ¼öÇàÇÏ°í rebootÇϽöó. 
           Á¤º¸°¡ ´õ ÇÊ¿äÇϽôٸé
           Systm and Network Administration (Part Number 800-1733)ÀÇ
           Chapter 12. Setting up Subnets  page 302-304¸¦ º¸½Ã¶ó.



Revision History
Updated        on Nov. 16 ,1992