1993.1.21

SUBJECT: Introduction to TCP/IP 

DESCRIPTION:
0. Introduction
   * multi-vendorÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ »ç¿ë ȯ°æ¿¡¼­
     ¾î¶² ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ vendor¿¡µµ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄݷμ­
     OSI(Open Systems Interconnection:°³¹æ ½Ã½ºÅÛ »óÈ£Á¢¼Ó), XNS(Xerox Network System),
     TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)µîÀÇ ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÌ Àִµ¥
     ±× Áß¿¡¼­µµ ÇöÀç °¡Àå ³Î¸® »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÌ 
     TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)ÀÌ´Ù.
   * TCP/IP°¡ ¿î¿ëµÇ´Â LANÀº Ethernet »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó
     CCITT(International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee:±¹Á¦ Àü½ÅÀüÈ­ ÀÚ¹®À§¿øȸ) ±Ç°í
     X.25¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇÑ '°øÁß ÆÐŶ±³È¯¸Á(Packet Switched Public Network)'À̳ª
     DoD(United States Department of Defense:¹Ì±¹¹æ¼º)ÀÇ ARPANETµîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù.
     ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ TCP/IP´Â LAN »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±¤¿ª¸Á¿¡µµ ³Î¸® »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
   * °á±¹ TCP/IP´Â ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¹üÁÖ(X.25 baseÀÇ WAN, building³»ÀÇ LAN)ÀÇ ³×Æ®¿÷¿¡ ¹°·Á ÀÖ´Â
     ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ ¼ö ¸¹Àº machineµé°£¿¡ Åë½ÅÀ» °¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÏ´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÌ´Ù.

1. TCP/IP Åë½ÅÀÇ ¿ª»ç
   * 1969³â DoD´Â ¿©·¯°¡Áö Åë½Å±â¼ú¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿Í ½ÇÇèÀ» ¹Ýº¹ÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
     data¸¦ '¾î¶² Á¤ÇØÁø Å©±âÀÇ µ¢¾î¸® = packet'À¸·Î ³ª´©¾î Àü¼ÛÇÏ´Â 
     Àå°Å¸® ÆÐŶ±³È¯±â¼úÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ½ÉµµÀÖ°Ô ½ÇÇèÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
   * ±× ¶§±îÁöÀÇ µ¥ÀÌŸ Åë½ÅÀ̶ó ÇÔÀº ÀüÈ­¼±(¸ðµ©È¸¼±) °°Àº °ÍÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´±â¿¡ 
     ÇÑ È¸¼±ÀÌ À̸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Á¡À¯µÇ¾î ´Ù¼öÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ȸ¼±À» µ¿½Ã¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ·Á¸é
     ȸ¼±À» Áõ¼³ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¹Û¿¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. Á»Ã³·³ Åë½Å ºñ¿ëÀ» ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´ø °Í.
     ÀÌ¿¡ ¹ÝÇØ ÆÐŶ±³È¯±â¼úÀ̶ó´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº
     ¸¹Àº »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÇϳªÀÇ ³×Æ®¿÷À» °°ÀÌ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â °Í.
     ¹®Á¦´Â ÀÌ ±â¼úÀÌ ½Ç¿ëÈ­ µÉ ¼ö Àִ°¡ ÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦¿´¾ú´Ù.
   * ÀÌ¿¡ DoD°¡ ¼±ºÀ¿¡ ¼­¼­ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÆÐŶ±³È¯±â¼úÀÇ ½Ã¹ü ÄÉÀ̽º·Î
     4°³ÀÇ ³ëµå(UCLA, UCSE-University of California Santa Barbara,
     SRI-Stanford Research Institude International, Utah University)¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ
     ±¤¿ªÆÐŶ ±³È¯¸ÁÀ» ±¸ÃàÇÏ¿´´Ù.
     ARPANETÀ̶ó ºÒ¸®´Â ³×Æ®¿÷ÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀÎ °Í.
     ARPANETÀÇ ARPA´Â ÀÌ ½ÇÇè°ú ³×Æ®¿÷ °³¹ß¿¡ ÀÚ±ÝÁö¿øÀ» ÇÑ
     Advanced Research Projects Agency(¹Ì ±¹¹æ¼º °íµî¿¬±¸ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®±¹)ÀÇ ¾àÀÚÀÌ´Ù.
   * ÀÌ ½ÇÇèÀº °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ´ë ¼º°øÀ» °ÅµÎ¾ú´Ù.
     ÆÐŶ±³È¯À̶ó´Â »õ·Î¿î Åë½Å¹æ½ÄÀÌ 
     ÀÏ¹Ý µ¥ÀÌŸÅë½Å¿¡¼­ ½Ç¿ëÈ­µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÃæºÐÈ÷ º¸¿©ÁØ °Í.
   * ÀÌÈÄ ¿©·¯°¡Áö·Î °³·®µÈ °ÍÀÌ Ãß°¡µÇ¾î 1972³â °æ¿¡´Â
     ARPANETÀÌ 50 ³ëµå(20±³È¯±â)·Î ¼ºÀåÇÏ°í ÀϹݿ¡°Ô °ø°³µÇ±â¿¡ À̸¥´Ù.
   * ÀÌÁîÀ½ DoD´Â ÆÐŶ±³È¯¸ÁÀ» »ó¿ëÈ­ÇÑ´Ù´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ½ÇÇè¸ñÀûÀ» ³¡³»°í
     ¿¬À̾î Á¦ 2ÀÇ ½ÇÇè¿¡ µé¾î °£´Ù.
     °£´ÜÈ÷ ÆÐŶ±³È¯¸ÁÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó
     ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝ °èÃþÀ¸·Î ¸»Çϸé ÆÐŶ±³È¯¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â  °èÃþº¸´Ù Á» ´õ À§ °èÃþ±îÁö Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ
     Á¾ÇÕÀûÀÎ Åë½Å ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝ Ã¼°è¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
     ´ç½Ã DoDÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼­´Â À̱âÁ¾°£ Åë½ÅÀÇ Çʿ伺À» °­ÇÏ°Ô ´À³¢°í  ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
     DoD°¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ´Â ¼¼»ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ̶ó°í Çصµ ÁÁÀ» Á¤µµ·Î
     ¸¹Àº Á¾·ù¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥ °¢ ¸ÞÀÌÄ¿¸¶´Ù º°µµ·Î Á¢¼ÓµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸é
     µ¥ÀÌŸ³ª Çϵå¿þ¾î ÀÚ»êÀ» À¯È¿ÇÏ°Ô È°¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Í.
     ±×·¸´Ù°í ¾î´À ÇÑ ¸ÞÀÌÄ¿ ¹æ½Ä¸¸À¸·Î ÅëÀϽÃÄÑ ¹ö¸®¸é 
     ¸ðµç ¸ÞÀÌÄ¿¿¡ °øÆòÇÑ ºñÁö´Ï½º ±âȸ¸¦ Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÈ´Ù.
     ±×·¡¼­ ´ç¿¬È÷ DoDµµ OSI¶ó´Â Ç¥ÁØ Åë½Å ¹æ½ÄÀ» Âø¾ÈÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸,
     OSIÀÇ ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝ ½ºÆåÀÌ º¸´Ù ¸íÈ®ÇØÁö´Â °ÍÀ» ±â´Ù¸± ¿©À¯°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
     ´ç¿¬È÷ DoD´Â µ¶ÀÚÀûÀ¸·Î À̱âÁ¾°£ÀÇ Á¢¼ÓÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝ °³¹ß¿¡ Âø¼öÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
   * UNIX¿Í TCP/IPÀÇ Á¢¸ñ:
     1975³â °æ ARPANETÀÇ ÇÑ ¿¬±¸±×·ì¿¡¼­ TCP ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»¾ú°í 
     ¿ÜºÎÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ÀÌ ´ç½Ã UNIX¶ó´Â OS°¡ ´ëÇÐ, ¿¬±¸¼Ò¸¦ Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ³Î¸® º¸±ÞµÇ´ø ½Ã±âÀÌ´Ù.
     UNIXÀÇ ÇÑ Á¾·ù·Î¼­ UCLAÀÇ 4.x BSD(Berkeley System Distribution)ÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â
     ARPANETÀÇ ÀÌ µÎ¹ø° ½ÇÇè¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÏ¿© ¿©±â¼­ °³¹ßµÇ´Â ¿©·¯ Åë½Å ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀ»
     OS level¿¡¼­ portingÇÏ¿´´Ù.
     ('TCP/IPÅë½ÅÀÇ ¸ðüÀÎ ARPANET'°ú 'UNIX¿Í TCP/IP Åë½ÅÀ» Á¢ÇÕ½ÃÅ°´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ UCB'¿¡¼­´Â
      »óÀ§ ·¹º§ÀÇ Åë½Å utility¿¡¼­ µ¶ÀÚÀûÀÎ Åë½Å±â´ÉÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù.
      ±º»ç»óÀÇ ºñ¹Ð µ¥ÀÌŸµµ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ ARPANET¿¡¼­ °³¹ßµÈ utilityµé - ftp, telnetµî - Àº 
      »ç¿ëÇϱ⿡ ´Ù¼Ò ºÒÆíÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾î´À Á¤µµÀÇ ½ÃÅ¥¸®Æ¼¸¦ È®º¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ°í
      ¹öŬ¸®¿¡¼­ °³¹ßµÈ °Íµé - rlogin, rcp, rshµî - Àº ´ëÇп¡¼­ ÇлýÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ¹ß»óÀ» ¼Ó¹ÚÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â
      ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÇÒ ¸ñÀû¿¡¼­ ½ÃÅ¥¸®Æ¼¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ ¸Ã±â°í ÀÖ´Ù. )
   * 1982³â °æ DoD¿¡¼± ±×µ¿¾È °³¹ßµÈ Åë½Å ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀ» Á¤¸®ÇÑ TCP/IP¸¦ Ç¥ÁØÅë½Å¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î È®Á¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
     1983 ARPANETÀÌ Á¤½ÄÀ¸·Î TCP/IP¸¦ äÅÃÇÏ°í
     Sun»ç¿¡¼­ BSD°è¿­ÀÇ SunOS¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÀÏ¹Ý »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ ÇâÇÑ Á¦Ç°À¸·Î¼­ TCP/IPÀÇ Á¦°øÀ» °³½ÃÇÑ´Ù. 
   * ÀÌÈÄ TCP/IP´Â Ethernet »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Token Ring µî IEEE802¸¦ µû¸£´Â ¿©·¯ LAN¿¡¼­µµ
     µ¿ÀÛÅä·Ï ¼¼·ÂÀ» È®ÀåÇÑ´Ù.
     TCP/IPÇÏ¸é ¿äÁîÀ½ UNIXÀÇ Åë½Å¼¼°è¿¡¼± ÇʼöÀûÀ̶ó ÇÒ ¸¸Å­ÀÇ ºñÁßÀ» °®´Âµ¥
     TCP/IP°¡ »ê¾÷Ç¥ÁØÈ­Çϸ鼭 ¿©Å¸ OS¿¡¼­µµ
     TCP/IP¸¦ OS level¿¡¼­ portingÇÏ¿© Áö¿øÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ
     ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ OS¿Í µ¿ÀÛÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â TCP/IP moduleÀ» optionÀ¸·Î Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.

2. TCP/IP¿Í Engineering Workstation
   * TCP/IP´Â UNIX ±âÃÊÇÏ¿¡ ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ´Â Engineering WorkstationÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â 
     »ç¿ëÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­´Â °øÅë¾î°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
     'Ethernet ¹æ½ÄÀÇ LAN'°ú Engineering WorkstationÀÌ °áÇÕÇÏ¿© ¸¸µé¾î ³»´Â
     '°í¼ÓÀÇ À̱âÁ¾°£ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Åë½Å'Àº ÀÌ TCP/IP¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ´Ù.
   * TCP/IPÀÇ ¹ß»ý ¸ðÅÂÀÎ ARPANETÀº ±¤¿ª¸ÁÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ´Â ³×Æ®¿÷À¸·Î¼­
     LAN°ú´Â Á÷Á¢ °ü·ÃÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀε¥,
     '±Ù°Å¸® °í¼ÓÀ̶ó´Â LANÀÇ Åë½Å±â´É'ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Engineering WorkstationÀÇ ¼¼°è¿Í
     ÀÌ TCP/IP°¡ °áÇÕÇÔÀ¸·Î½á  TCP/IPÅë½ÅÀº Æø¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î È®´ëµÇ¾ú´Ù.
   * BSD°è¿­ÀÇ UNIX´Â ±âÁ¾¿¡ »ó°ü ¾øÀÌ OS level¿¡¼­ TCP/IP Åë½ÅÀÌ Å¾ÀçµÇ ÀÖ¾ú°í
     UNIXÀÇ ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ À¯ÇüÀÇ ÇϳªÀÎ System V¶ó ºÒ¸®´Â AT&T°èÀÇ UNIX¿¡¼­µµ
     ³ªÁß¿¡ TCP/IP Åë½ÅÀÇ ¿ì¼öÇÔÀÌ ÀÎ½ÄµÇ¾î °¢°¢ÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¾÷ü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
     TCP/IP Åë½Å ±â´ÉÀÌ ½ÇÇöµÇ¾ú´ø °Í.
   * Engineering WorkstationÀº 3Â÷¿øÀÇ ±×·¡ÇÈ µ¥ÀÌŸ³ª ±¸Á¶ Çؼ®À» À§ÇØ
     ºñ±³Àû ´ë·®ÀÎ µ¥ÀÌŸµéÀ» ºó¹øÇÏ°íµµ ºü¸£°Ô Àü¼ÛÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¾ÈµÇ´Â ȯ°æÀ̾ú´Ù.
     ¶ÇÇÑ ¿©·¯ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¾÷üµéÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¦Ç°µé °£¿¡
     'À̱âÁ¾°£ Åë½Å'À» À§ÇÑ °øÅëÀÇ Åë½Å ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¿´´Ù.
     °í¼ÓÀÇ Åë½Å ¸ÅüÀÎ Ethernet°ú ÇÔ²² TCP/IP ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀº ÀÌµé ¿ä±¸¸¦ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¼ö¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Í.
     Sun WorkstationÀÌ client-server model, ³×Æ®¿÷ ºÐ»ê ȯ°æ, NFS, YP µî
     Åë½Å ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ Ÿ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¾÷üµé¿¡ ºñÇØ Áøº¸µÈ ¼­ºñ½ºµéÀ» Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Íµµ
     ÀÏÂî±â TCP/IP¸¦ ±âº»À¸·Î äÅÃÇÏ¿´±â¿¡ °¡´ÉÇß´ø °ÍµéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡ ÇÑ´Ù.

3. InternetÀÇ µîÀå
   * TCP/IP Åë½ÅÀ» Àü¿ëÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â Wide Area NetworkÀÌ´Ù.
   * ÈçÈ÷µé 'Internet'À» ¾Æ·¡ µÎ °æ¿ì·Î È¥¿ëÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
     - Internet Protocol family:
          TCP, UDP(User Datagram Protocol), ARP(Address Resolution Protocol),
          RARP(Reverse ARP), ICMP(Internet Control Message Protoccol)
     - InternetÀ̶ó´Â wide area network

4. TCP/IP Protocol Structure

   1) TCP/IP Protocol Layer
      +--------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
      | Layer        | Network Services                                       |
      +--------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
      | Application  | DNS(Domain Name Service), telnet, ftp, rlogin, rcp ... |
      | Transport    | TCP, UDP, ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)      |
      | Network      | IP                                                     |
      | Data Link    | ARP, RARP, Ethernet°ú °°Àº controller                  |
      | Physical     | Ethernet, Token Ring, serial(ptp, X.25...) ...         |
      +--------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

   2) Sender/Receiver Interaction
      * sending hostÀÇ °¢ protocol layer´Â receiving host¿¡ ¦À̵Ǵ protocol layer¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù.
      * °¢ protocol layer´Â communication data¿¡ header¶ó ºÒ¸®´Â Á¤º¸¸¦ ´õÇϰųª »èÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ±â´ÉÀ» ¼öÇà.
      * sending host´Â lower layer·Î receiving host´Â upper layer·Î data¸¦ º¸³½´Ù.

               Sender                                    Receiver
      +----------------------+                    +------------------------+
      | +------------------+ |                    |   +------------------+ |
      | |    Application   | |                    |   |    Application   | | 
      | |     (source)     | |                    |   |   (destination)  | | 
      | +------------------+ |                    |   +------------------+ |
      |          ¡é          |                    |            ¡è          |
      | +------------------+ |                    |   +------------------+ |
      | |  Transport Layer | |                    |   |  Transport Layer | |
      | |      (TCP)       | |                    |   |      (TCP)       | | 
      | +------------------+ |                    |   +------------------+ |
      |          ¡é          |                    |            ¡è          |
      | +------------------+ |                    |   +------------------+ |
      | |   Network Layer  | |                    |   |   Network Layer  | |
      | |      (IP)        | |                    |   |       (IP)       | | 
      | +------------------+ |                    |   +------------------+ |
      |          ¡é          |                    |            ¡è          |
      | +------------------+ |                    |   +------------------+ |
      | |     Data Link    | |   Physical Link    |   |      Data Link   | |
      | |       Layer      |-+--------------------+-¡æ|       Layer      | |
      | +------------------+ |                    |   +------------------+ |
      +----------------------+                    +------------------------+

   3) OSI ÂüÁ¶ ¸ðµ¨°ú TCP/IPÀÇ Layer°£ ´ëÀÀ
      +---+------------------+      +------------------------------+
      | 7 | Application      |      |                              | 
      +---+------------------+      |   SMTP, DNS, FTP, TELNET     |
      | 6 | Presentation     |      |      rlogin, rcp, rsh        |
      +---+------------------+      |          .....               |
      | 5 | Session          |      |                              | 
      +---+------------------+      +-------+-------+--------------+
      | 4 | Transport        |      |  TCP  |  UDP  |    ....      |          
      +---+------------------+      +-------+-------+--------------+
      | 3 | Network          |      |             IP               |
      +---+------------------+      +--------------+---------------+
      | 2 | Data Link        |      |      ARP     |    RARP       |
      +---+------------------+      +--------------+---------------+
      | 1 | Physical         |      |    Ethernet, Token Ring      |
      |   |                  |      |    X.25, °í¼Ó µðÁöƲ ȸ¼±    |
      +---+------------------+      +------------------------------+
      * data link layer¿Í TCP/IPÀÇ data link, physical layerÀÇ °ü°è´Â ¸íÈ®ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀºµ¥
        memo " OSI¿Í LAN Ç¥ÁØ°úÀÇ °ü°è"¸¦ ÂüÁ¶Çϸé ÁÁÀ» °Í.

   4) TCP/IPÀÇ °¢ Layerº° ¼³¸í 
      ¨ç Physical Layer
         * protocol modelÀÇ H/W level·Î ÀüÀÚÀû signal¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦¾îµÈ´Ù.
      ¨è Data Link Layer
         * ARP, RARP
           ÀÌ protocolµç Network Layer¿Í Data Link LayerÀÇ Áß°£¿¡ Á¸Àç.
           ARP´Â IP address¸¦ Ethernet address·Î mapping
           RARP´Â Ethernet address¸¦ IP address·Î mapping
         * ARP, RARP´Â OSI modelÀÇ Data Link Layer¿Í Network Layer¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ÀÖ´Â °Í.
           ȤÀÚ´Â À̸¦ Network Layer¶ó ºÐ·ùÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù.
         * packetÀÇ ÇüÅ·Πdata Àü¼Û
             packet = ethernet header + ip header + tcp header + data 
      ¨é Network Layer
         * IP
           - IP address¸¦ »ç¿ë data¸¦ º¸³»°í ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï IP header¸¦ ±¸¼º/Çؼ®
           - outgoing½Ã(»óÀ§ layer ¡æ ÇÏÀ§ layer):
             »óÀ§ layerÀÎ Transport Layer¿¡¼­ ¹ÞÀº frame¿¡ IP header¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ. 
           - incoming½Ã(ÇÏÀ§ layer ¡æ »óÀ§ layer):
             Àü¼ÛµÇ¾î¿Â data°¡ ºÐÇÒ(fragment)µÇ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ¿©
             ºÐÇÒµÈ °æ¿ì´Â ¿ø·¡ÀÇ data¸¦ Á¶ÇÕÇÏ¿© Transport Layer·Î ³Ñ°ÜÁÜ.
         * datagramÀÇ ÇüÅ·Πdata ³Ñ°ÜÁÜ
             datagram =  ip header + tcp header + data 
      ¨ê Transport Layer
         * addressing ¹æ¹ý : port number
         * TCP
           - connection oriented, reliable protocol À̶ó ÇÔ.
             TCP connection¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¸³»Áø data´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ´ëÀÀµÇ´Â(peer) »ó´ë°¡ ¹Þ°Ô µÈ´Ù. 
             »ó´ë°¡ data¸¦ Èê·Á¹ö¸®Áö ¾Êµµ·Ï flow controlÀ» Çϰųª
             Àü¼ÛÁß¿¡ error°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ °æ¿ì ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀçÀü¼Û.
           - data Àü¼Û½Ã ÀÏÀÏÀÌ virtual circuit(°¡»óȸ¼±)À» ¼³Á¤ Áï "connection"À» È®¸³ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
           - »ç¿ë ¿¹
             data·®/data Å©±â°¡ ¸¹¾Æ connecitonÀÇ È®¸³°ú Àý´ÜÀ¸·Î ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¹øÀâÇÔÀÌ ¹«½ÃµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì.
           - TCP header¸¦ ±¸¼º
         * UDP
           - connectionless, unreliable datagram protocol
           - datagramÀÇ loss³ª failÀ» recoveryÇÒ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.
           - »ç¿ë ¿¹
             È®½ÇÇÑ data Àü¼ÛÀÌ ±×¸® Áß¿äÄ¡ ¾ÊÀº Åë½Å¿¡ »ç¿ë.
             ½Å·Ú¼ºÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº ȸ¼±À» »ç¿ëÇÑ Åë½Å¿¡ »ç¿ë.
             »ç¿ëÀÚ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µîÀÇ  »óÀ§ÃþÀÌ È®½ÇÇÑ data Àü¼ÛÀ» ´ë½ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì.
             Çѹø¿¡ ¸¹Àº »ó´ë¿¡°Ô data±Û Àü´ÞÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÒ ¶§
           - UCP header¸¦ ±¸¼º
         * TCP¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒÁö UDP¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒÁö´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ invokeµÇ´Â network applicationÀÌ
           ¾î´À protocolÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸£´Ù.
           ÇÑ ¿¹·Î, »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ telnetÀ» »ç¿ëÇϸé ÀÌ´Â TCP¿¡ user request¸¦ Àü´Þ
                    »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ domain name service¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸé ÀÌ´Â UCP¿¡ user request¸¦ Àü´Þ
      ¨ë Application Layer
         * telnet
         * ftp
         * tftp
         * "r" command series
         * DNS



Revision History
Created        on Jan. 21 ,1993
Updated        on Jan. 24 ,1993