1993.1.21 SUBJECT: Introduction to TCP/IP DESCRIPTION: 0. Introduction * multi-vendorÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ »ç¿ë ȯ°æ¿¡¼ ¾î¶² ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ vendor¿¡µµ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄݷμ OSI(Open Systems Interconnection:°³¹æ ½Ã½ºÅÛ »óÈ£Á¢¼Ó), XNS(Xerox Network System), TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)µîÀÇ ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÌ Àִµ¥ ±× Áß¿¡¼µµ ÇöÀç °¡Àå ³Î¸® »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÌ TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)ÀÌ´Ù. * TCP/IP°¡ ¿î¿ëµÇ´Â LANÀº Ethernet »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó CCITT(International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee:±¹Á¦ Àü½ÅÀüÈ ÀÚ¹®À§¿øȸ) ±Ç°í X.25¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇÑ '°øÁß ÆÐŶ±³È¯¸Á(Packet Switched Public Network)'À̳ª DoD(United States Department of Defense:¹Ì±¹¹æ¼º)ÀÇ ARPANETµîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ TCP/IP´Â LAN »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±¤¿ª¸Á¿¡µµ ³Î¸® »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. * °á±¹ TCP/IP´Â ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¹üÁÖ(X.25 baseÀÇ WAN, building³»ÀÇ LAN)ÀÇ ³×Æ®¿÷¿¡ ¹°·Á ÀÖ´Â ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ ¼ö ¸¹Àº machineµé°£¿¡ Åë½ÅÀ» °¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÏ´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÌ´Ù. 1. TCP/IP Åë½ÅÀÇ ¿ª»ç * 1969³â DoD´Â ¿©·¯°¡Áö Åë½Å±â¼ú¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿Í ½ÇÇèÀ» ¹Ýº¹ÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. data¸¦ '¾î¶² Á¤ÇØÁø Å©±âÀÇ µ¢¾î¸® = packet'À¸·Î ³ª´©¾î Àü¼ÛÇÏ´Â Àå°Å¸® ÆÐŶ±³È¯±â¼úÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ½ÉµµÀÖ°Ô ½ÇÇèÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. * ±× ¶§±îÁöÀÇ µ¥ÀÌŸ Åë½ÅÀ̶ó ÇÔÀº Àüȼ±(¸ðµ©È¸¼±) °°Àº °ÍÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´±â¿¡ ÇÑ È¸¼±ÀÌ À̸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Á¡À¯µÇ¾î ´Ù¼öÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ȸ¼±À» µ¿½Ã¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ·Á¸é ȸ¼±À» Áõ¼³ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¹Û¿¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. Á»Ã³·³ Åë½Å ºñ¿ëÀ» ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´ø °Í. ÀÌ¿¡ ¹ÝÇØ ÆÐŶ±³È¯±â¼úÀ̶ó´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ¸¹Àº »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÇϳªÀÇ ³×Æ®¿÷À» °°ÀÌ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â °Í. ¹®Á¦´Â ÀÌ ±â¼úÀÌ ½Ç¿ëÈ µÉ ¼ö Àִ°¡ ÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦¿´¾ú´Ù. * ÀÌ¿¡ DoD°¡ ¼±ºÀ¿¡ ¼¼ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÆÐŶ±³È¯±â¼úÀÇ ½Ã¹ü ÄÉÀ̽º·Î 4°³ÀÇ ³ëµå(UCLA, UCSE-University of California Santa Barbara, SRI-Stanford Research Institude International, Utah University)¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ±¤¿ªÆÐŶ ±³È¯¸ÁÀ» ±¸ÃàÇÏ¿´´Ù. ARPANETÀ̶ó ºÒ¸®´Â ³×Æ®¿÷ÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀÎ °Í. ARPANETÀÇ ARPA´Â ÀÌ ½ÇÇè°ú ³×Æ®¿÷ °³¹ß¿¡ ÀÚ±ÝÁö¿øÀ» ÇÑ Advanced Research Projects Agency(¹Ì ±¹¹æ¼º °íµî¿¬±¸ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®±¹)ÀÇ ¾àÀÚÀÌ´Ù. * ÀÌ ½ÇÇèÀº °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ´ë ¼º°øÀ» °ÅµÎ¾ú´Ù. ÆÐŶ±³È¯À̶ó´Â »õ·Î¿î Åë½Å¹æ½ÄÀÌ ÀÏ¹Ý µ¥ÀÌŸÅë½Å¿¡¼ ½Ç¿ë鵃 ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÃæºÐÈ÷ º¸¿©ÁØ °Í. * ÀÌÈÄ ¿©·¯°¡Áö·Î °³·®µÈ °ÍÀÌ Ãß°¡µÇ¾î 1972³â °æ¿¡´Â ARPANETÀÌ 50 ³ëµå(20±³È¯±â)·Î ¼ºÀåÇÏ°í ÀϹݿ¡°Ô °ø°³µÇ±â¿¡ À̸¥´Ù. * ÀÌÁîÀ½ DoD´Â ÆÐŶ±³È¯¸ÁÀ» »ó¿ëÈÇÑ´Ù´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ½ÇÇè¸ñÀûÀ» ³¡³»°í ¿¬À̾î Á¦ 2ÀÇ ½ÇÇè¿¡ µé¾î °£´Ù. °£´ÜÈ÷ ÆÐŶ±³È¯¸ÁÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝ °èÃþÀ¸·Î ¸»Çϸé ÆÐŶ±³È¯¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °èÃþº¸´Ù Á» ´õ À§ °èÃþ±îÁö Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ Á¾ÇÕÀûÀÎ Åë½Å ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝ Ã¼°è¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ´ç½Ã DoDÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼´Â À̱âÁ¾°£ Åë½ÅÀÇ Çʿ伺À» °ÇÏ°Ô ´À³¢°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. DoD°¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ´Â ¼¼»ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ̶ó°í Çصµ ÁÁÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ¸¹Àº Á¾·ù¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥ °¢ ¸ÞÀÌÄ¿¸¶´Ù º°µµ·Î Á¢¼ÓµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸é µ¥ÀÌŸ³ª Çϵå¿þ¾î ÀÚ»êÀ» À¯È¿ÇÏ°Ô È°¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Í. ±×·¸´Ù°í ¾î´À ÇÑ ¸ÞÀÌÄ¿ ¹æ½Ä¸¸À¸·Î ÅëÀϽÃÄÑ ¹ö¸®¸é ¸ðµç ¸ÞÀÌÄ¿¿¡ °øÆòÇÑ ºñÁö´Ï½º ±âȸ¸¦ Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ´ç¿¬È÷ DoDµµ OSI¶ó´Â Ç¥ÁØ Åë½Å ¹æ½ÄÀ» Âø¾ÈÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, OSIÀÇ ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝ ½ºÆåÀÌ º¸´Ù ¸íÈ®ÇØÁö´Â °ÍÀ» ±â´Ù¸± ¿©À¯°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ´ç¿¬È÷ DoD´Â µ¶ÀÚÀûÀ¸·Î À̱âÁ¾°£ÀÇ Á¢¼ÓÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝ °³¹ß¿¡ Âø¼öÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. * UNIX¿Í TCP/IPÀÇ Á¢¸ñ: 1975³â °æ ARPANETÀÇ ÇÑ ¿¬±¸±×·ì¿¡¼ TCP ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»¾ú°í ¿ÜºÎÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ÀÌ ´ç½Ã UNIX¶ó´Â OS°¡ ´ëÇÐ, ¿¬±¸¼Ò¸¦ Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ³Î¸® º¸±ÞµÇ´ø ½Ã±âÀÌ´Ù. UNIXÀÇ ÇÑ Á¾·ù·Î¼ UCLAÀÇ 4.x BSD(Berkeley System Distribution)ÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â ARPANETÀÇ ÀÌ µÎ¹ø° ½ÇÇè¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÏ¿© ¿©±â¼ °³¹ßµÇ´Â ¿©·¯ Åë½Å ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀ» OS level¿¡¼ portingÇÏ¿´´Ù. ('TCP/IPÅë½ÅÀÇ ¸ðüÀÎ ARPANET'°ú 'UNIX¿Í TCP/IP Åë½ÅÀ» Á¢ÇÕ½ÃÅ°´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ UCB'¿¡¼´Â »óÀ§ ·¹º§ÀÇ Åë½Å utility¿¡¼ µ¶ÀÚÀûÀÎ Åë½Å±â´ÉÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±º»ç»óÀÇ ºñ¹Ð µ¥ÀÌŸµµ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ ARPANET¿¡¼ °³¹ßµÈ utilityµé - ftp, telnetµî - Àº »ç¿ëÇϱ⿡ ´Ù¼Ò ºÒÆíÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾î´À Á¤µµÀÇ ½ÃÅ¥¸®Æ¼¸¦ È®º¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ°í ¹öŬ¸®¿¡¼ °³¹ßµÈ °Íµé - rlogin, rcp, rshµî - Àº ´ëÇп¡¼ ÇлýÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ¹ß»óÀ» ¼Ó¹ÚÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÇÒ ¸ñÀû¿¡¼ ½ÃÅ¥¸®Æ¼¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ ¸Ã±â°í ÀÖ´Ù. ) * 1982³â °æ DoD¿¡¼± ±×µ¿¾È °³¹ßµÈ Åë½Å ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀ» Á¤¸®ÇÑ TCP/IP¸¦ Ç¥ÁØÅë½Å¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î È®Á¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1983 ARPANETÀÌ Á¤½ÄÀ¸·Î TCP/IP¸¦ äÅÃÇÏ°í Sun»ç¿¡¼ BSD°è¿ÀÇ SunOS¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÀÏ¹Ý »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ ÇâÇÑ Á¦Ç°À¸·Î¼ TCP/IPÀÇ Á¦°øÀ» °³½ÃÇÑ´Ù. * ÀÌÈÄ TCP/IP´Â Ethernet »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Token Ring µî IEEE802¸¦ µû¸£´Â ¿©·¯ LAN¿¡¼µµ µ¿ÀÛÅä·Ï ¼¼·ÂÀ» È®ÀåÇÑ´Ù. TCP/IPÇÏ¸é ¿äÁîÀ½ UNIXÀÇ Åë½Å¼¼°è¿¡¼± ÇʼöÀûÀ̶ó ÇÒ ¸¸ÅÀÇ ºñÁßÀ» °®´Âµ¥ TCP/IP°¡ »ê¾÷Ç¥ÁØÈÇÏ¸é¼ ¿©Å¸ OS¿¡¼µµ TCP/IP¸¦ OS level¿¡¼ portingÇÏ¿© Áö¿øÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ OS¿Í µ¿ÀÛÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â TCP/IP moduleÀ» optionÀ¸·Î Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. 2. TCP/IP¿Í Engineering Workstation * TCP/IP´Â UNIX ±âÃÊÇÏ¿¡ ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ´Â Engineering WorkstationÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¿ëÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼´Â °øÅë¾î°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. 'Ethernet ¹æ½ÄÀÇ LAN'°ú Engineering WorkstationÀÌ °áÇÕÇÏ¿© ¸¸µé¾î ³»´Â '°í¼ÓÀÇ À̱âÁ¾°£ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Åë½Å'Àº ÀÌ TCP/IP¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ´Ù. * TCP/IPÀÇ ¹ß»ý ¸ðÅÂÀÎ ARPANETÀº ±¤¿ª¸ÁÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ´Â ³×Æ®¿÷À¸·Î¼ LAN°ú´Â Á÷Á¢ °ü·ÃÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀε¥, '±Ù°Å¸® °í¼ÓÀ̶ó´Â LANÀÇ Åë½Å±â´É'ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Engineering WorkstationÀÇ ¼¼°è¿Í ÀÌ TCP/IP°¡ °áÇÕÇÔÀ¸·Î½á TCP/IPÅë½ÅÀº Æø¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î È®´ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. * BSD°è¿ÀÇ UNIX´Â ±âÁ¾¿¡ »ó°ü ¾øÀÌ OS level¿¡¼ TCP/IP Åë½ÅÀÌ Å¾ÀçµÇ ÀÖ¾ú°í UNIXÀÇ ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ À¯ÇüÀÇ ÇϳªÀÎ System V¶ó ºÒ¸®´Â AT&T°èÀÇ UNIX¿¡¼µµ ³ªÁß¿¡ TCP/IP Åë½ÅÀÇ ¿ì¼öÇÔÀÌ ÀÎ½ÄµÇ¾î °¢°¢ÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¾÷ü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ TCP/IP Åë½Å ±â´ÉÀÌ ½ÇÇöµÇ¾ú´ø °Í. * Engineering WorkstationÀº 3Â÷¿øÀÇ ±×·¡ÇÈ µ¥ÀÌŸ³ª ±¸Á¶ Çؼ®À» À§ÇØ ºñ±³Àû ´ë·®ÀÎ µ¥ÀÌŸµéÀ» ºó¹øÇÏ°íµµ ºü¸£°Ô Àü¼ÛÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¾ÈµÇ´Â ȯ°æÀ̾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¿©·¯ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¾÷üµéÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¦Ç°µé °£¿¡ 'À̱âÁ¾°£ Åë½Å'À» À§ÇÑ °øÅëÀÇ Åë½Å ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¿´´Ù. °í¼ÓÀÇ Åë½Å ¸ÅüÀÎ Ethernet°ú ÇÔ²² TCP/IP ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀº ÀÌµé ¿ä±¸¸¦ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¼ö¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Í. Sun WorkstationÀÌ client-server model, ³×Æ®¿÷ ºÐ»ê ȯ°æ, NFS, YP µî Åë½Å ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼ Ÿ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¾÷üµé¿¡ ºñÇØ Áøº¸µÈ ¼ºñ½ºµéÀ» Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Íµµ ÀÏÂî±â TCP/IP¸¦ ±âº»À¸·Î äÅÃÇÏ¿´±â¿¡ °¡´ÉÇß´ø °ÍµéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡ ÇÑ´Ù. 3. InternetÀÇ µîÀå * TCP/IP Åë½ÅÀ» Àü¿ëÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â Wide Area NetworkÀÌ´Ù. * ÈçÈ÷µé 'Internet'À» ¾Æ·¡ µÎ °æ¿ì·Î È¥¿ëÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. - Internet Protocol family: TCP, UDP(User Datagram Protocol), ARP(Address Resolution Protocol), RARP(Reverse ARP), ICMP(Internet Control Message Protoccol) - InternetÀ̶ó´Â wide area network 4. TCP/IP Protocol Structure 1) TCP/IP Protocol Layer +--------------+--------------------------------------------------------+ | Layer | Network Services | +--------------+--------------------------------------------------------+ | Application | DNS(Domain Name Service), telnet, ftp, rlogin, rcp ... | | Transport | TCP, UDP, ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol) | | Network | IP | | Data Link | ARP, RARP, Ethernet°ú °°Àº controller | | Physical | Ethernet, Token Ring, serial(ptp, X.25...) ... | +--------------+--------------------------------------------------------+ 2) Sender/Receiver Interaction * sending hostÀÇ °¢ protocol layer´Â receiving host¿¡ ¦À̵Ǵ protocol layer¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù. * °¢ protocol layer´Â communication data¿¡ header¶ó ºÒ¸®´Â Á¤º¸¸¦ ´õÇϰųª »èÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ±â´ÉÀ» ¼öÇà. * sending host´Â lower layer·Î receiving host´Â upper layer·Î data¸¦ º¸³½´Ù. Sender Receiver +----------------------+ +------------------------+ | +------------------+ | | +------------------+ | | | Application | | | | Application | | | | (source) | | | | (destination) | | | +------------------+ | | +------------------+ | | ¡é | | ¡è | | +------------------+ | | +------------------+ | | | Transport Layer | | | | Transport Layer | | | | (TCP) | | | | (TCP) | | | +------------------+ | | +------------------+ | | ¡é | | ¡è | | +------------------+ | | +------------------+ | | | Network Layer | | | | Network Layer | | | | (IP) | | | | (IP) | | | +------------------+ | | +------------------+ | | ¡é | | ¡è | | +------------------+ | | +------------------+ | | | Data Link | | Physical Link | | Data Link | | | | Layer |-+--------------------+-¡æ| Layer | | | +------------------+ | | +------------------+ | +----------------------+ +------------------------+ 3) OSI ÂüÁ¶ ¸ðµ¨°ú TCP/IPÀÇ Layer°£ ´ëÀÀ +---+------------------+ +------------------------------+ | 7 | Application | | | +---+------------------+ | SMTP, DNS, FTP, TELNET | | 6 | Presentation | | rlogin, rcp, rsh | +---+------------------+ | ..... | | 5 | Session | | | +---+------------------+ +-------+-------+--------------+ | 4 | Transport | | TCP | UDP | .... | +---+------------------+ +-------+-------+--------------+ | 3 | Network | | IP | +---+------------------+ +--------------+---------------+ | 2 | Data Link | | ARP | RARP | +---+------------------+ +--------------+---------------+ | 1 | Physical | | Ethernet, Token Ring | | | | | X.25, °í¼Ó µðÁöƲ ȸ¼± | +---+------------------+ +------------------------------+ * data link layer¿Í TCP/IPÀÇ data link, physical layerÀÇ °ü°è´Â ¸íÈ®ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀºµ¥ memo " OSI¿Í LAN Ç¥ÁØ°úÀÇ °ü°è"¸¦ ÂüÁ¶Çϸé ÁÁÀ» °Í. 4) TCP/IPÀÇ °¢ Layerº° ¼³¸í ¨ç Physical Layer * protocol modelÀÇ H/W level·Î ÀüÀÚÀû signal¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦¾îµÈ´Ù. ¨è Data Link Layer * ARP, RARP ÀÌ protocolµç Network Layer¿Í Data Link LayerÀÇ Áß°£¿¡ Á¸Àç. ARP´Â IP address¸¦ Ethernet address·Î mapping RARP´Â Ethernet address¸¦ IP address·Î mapping * ARP, RARP´Â OSI modelÀÇ Data Link Layer¿Í Network Layer¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ÀÖ´Â °Í. ȤÀÚ´Â À̸¦ Network Layer¶ó ºÐ·ùÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. * packetÀÇ ÇüÅ·Πdata Àü¼Û packet = ethernet header + ip header + tcp header + data ¨é Network Layer * IP - IP address¸¦ »ç¿ë data¸¦ º¸³»°í ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï IP header¸¦ ±¸¼º/Çؼ® - outgoing½Ã(»óÀ§ layer ¡æ ÇÏÀ§ layer): »óÀ§ layerÀÎ Transport Layer¿¡¼ ¹ÞÀº frame¿¡ IP header¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ. - incoming½Ã(ÇÏÀ§ layer ¡æ »óÀ§ layer): Àü¼ÛµÇ¾î¿Â data°¡ ºÐÇÒ(fragment)µÇ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ¿© ºÐÇÒµÈ °æ¿ì´Â ¿ø·¡ÀÇ data¸¦ Á¶ÇÕÇÏ¿© Transport Layer·Î ³Ñ°ÜÁÜ. * datagramÀÇ ÇüÅ·Πdata ³Ñ°ÜÁÜ datagram = ip header + tcp header + data ¨ê Transport Layer * addressing ¹æ¹ý : port number * TCP - connection oriented, reliable protocol À̶ó ÇÔ. TCP connection¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¸³»Áø data´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ´ëÀÀµÇ´Â(peer) »ó´ë°¡ ¹Þ°Ô µÈ´Ù. »ó´ë°¡ data¸¦ Èê·Á¹ö¸®Áö ¾Êµµ·Ï flow controlÀ» Çϰųª Àü¼ÛÁß¿¡ error°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ °æ¿ì ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀçÀü¼Û. - data Àü¼Û½Ã ÀÏÀÏÀÌ virtual circuit(°¡»óȸ¼±)À» ¼³Á¤ Áï "connection"À» È®¸³ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. - »ç¿ë ¿¹ data·®/data Å©±â°¡ ¸¹¾Æ connecitonÀÇ È®¸³°ú Àý´ÜÀ¸·Î ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¹øÀâÇÔÀÌ ¹«½ÃµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì. - TCP header¸¦ ±¸¼º * UDP - connectionless, unreliable datagram protocol - datagramÀÇ loss³ª failÀ» recoveryÇÒ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. - »ç¿ë ¿¹ È®½ÇÇÑ data Àü¼ÛÀÌ ±×¸® Áß¿äÄ¡ ¾ÊÀº Åë½Å¿¡ »ç¿ë. ½Å·Ú¼ºÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº ȸ¼±À» »ç¿ëÇÑ Åë½Å¿¡ »ç¿ë. »ç¿ëÀÚ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µîÀÇ »óÀ§ÃþÀÌ È®½ÇÇÑ data Àü¼ÛÀ» ´ë½ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì. Çѹø¿¡ ¸¹Àº »ó´ë¿¡°Ô data±Û Àü´ÞÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÒ ¶§ - UCP header¸¦ ±¸¼º * TCP¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒÁö UDP¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒÁö´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ invokeµÇ´Â network applicationÀÌ ¾î´À protocolÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸£´Ù. ÇÑ ¿¹·Î, »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ telnetÀ» »ç¿ëÇϸé ÀÌ´Â TCP¿¡ user request¸¦ Àü´Þ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ domain name service¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸé ÀÌ´Â UCP¿¡ user request¸¦ Àü´Þ ¨ë Application Layer * telnet * ftp * tftp * "r" command series * DNS Revision History Created on Jan. 21 ,1993 Updated on Jan. 24 ,1993